Dietary Ethanolic Extract of Mangosteen pericarp Reduces VCAM-1, Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Aortic Intimal Medial Thickness in Hypercholesterolemic Rat Model

Abstract

BACKGROUND: High-fat diet (HFD) is associated with dyslipidemia which is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Dyslipidemia causes oxidative stress which induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Oxidative stress also triggers the thickening of tunica intima-media (IMT) and Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT). Xanthone compound in ethanolic extract of Mangosteen pericarp (EEMP) has an antioxidant property to overcome the oxidative stress.
 AIM: The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of dietary EEMP administration on the expression of VCAM-1 and thickness of PVAT and IMT in atherosclerotic rat model fed with HFD.
 METHODS: This experimental laboratory study uses 25 Wistar strain Rattus norvegicus which were divided into 5 study groups. Negative Control group (GT1) was given a normal diet, Positive Control group (GT2) was treated with HFD, and three treatment groups were each treated with HFD with Mangosteen pericarp extract of 200 mg/kg BW (GT3), 400 mg/kg BW (GT4), and 800 mg/kg BW (GT5). Measurements of VCAM-1 expression were performed using immunofluorescence. PVAT and IMT measurements were performed on rat aortic preparations.
 RESULTS: One-way ANOVA test showed the addition of dietary EEMP significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the expression of VCAM-1 and decreased the thickness of PVAT and IMT in treatment groups as compared with both negative and positive controls. Tukey HSD test showed a dose of 800 mg/kg BW was the most effective dose for decreasing VCAM-1 level, PVAT and IMT.
 CONCLUSION: Dietary EEMP significantly decreases the expression of VCAM-1, as well as the thickness of PVAT and IMT in Wistar strain Rattus norvegicus treated with HFD.

Perivascular Adipose Tissue as a Target for Antioxidant Therapy for Cardiovascular Complications

“…In HFD-fed rats, the administration of ethanolic extract of Mangosteen pericarp (EEMP) that contains xanthone as an antioxidant can normalize the thickened PVAT and reduce the expression of VCAM-1 to prevent arterial remodeling [97]. Also, long-term treatment with melatonin in mice models of accelerated aging can increase the expression of vasculoprotective markers, decrease oxidative stress and inflammation, and normalize the anti-contractile effects of PVAT [81].…”

The metabolic and molecular mechanisms of α‑mangostin in cardiometabolic disorders (Review)

“…Smooth muscle vascular cell adhesion protein 1 expression was significantly decreased in treated rats, according to the evaluation by double-staining immunofluorescence. Additionally, HDL-C levels were increased and LdL-c levels were reduced in treated rats, along with the reduction of TG and Tc, particularly in the 400 and 800 mg/kg groups (102).…”

“…Furthermore, Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet and treated with 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight of ethanolic extract for 8 weeks exhibited a decreased thickness of aortic perivascular adipose tissue and reduced thickening of tunica intima-media compared to control high fat group (102). Smooth muscle vascular cell adhesion protein 1 expression was significantly decreased in treated rats, according to the evaluation by double-staining immunofluorescence.…”

Perivascular Adipose Tissue as an Indication, Contributor to, and Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis

“…10,12 Conjugated linoleic acid (10,12 CLA)-supplemented mice were characterized by enrichment of M2 macrophages in artery lesions and surrounding PVAT, which contributed to the antiatherosclerotic role of 10,12 CLA (Kanter et al, 2018). Dietary ethanolic extract of mangosteen pericarp significantly diminished the expression of VCAM-1 and decreased the thickness of PVAT and IMT in HFD-fed mice (Wihastuti et al, 2019).…”