Dietary Energy Density and Body Weight in Adults and Children: A Systematic Review

Pérez‐Escamilla, Rafael; Obbagy, Julie; Altman, Jean; Essery, Eve V.; McGrane, Mary M.; Wong, Yat Ping; Spahn, Joanne; Williams, Christine L.

doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.01.020

Cited by 231 publications

(209 citation statements)

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“…These efforts include promoting increased consumption of low-energy-density foods such as F&V which, on the basis of high water and fibre content, alongside their low fat content, collectively yield larger bulk and low energy density. Although the positive effects of low-energy-dense food have been demonstrated in adults (8) , the data are somewhat inconsistent, particularly among children (9)(10)(11) . While many factors influence dietary preferences and habits, encouraging children to consume recommended amounts of F&V is often part of programming conducted in schools (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) .…”

Section: Fruits and Vegetables School Lunch Food Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting fruit and vegetable school lunch waste in Wisconsin elementary schools participating in Farm to School programmes

Yoder

Foecke

Schoeller

2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To examine characteristics potentially associated with school lunch fruit and vegetable waste, both overall and pre/post implementation of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act. Design: Multi-year (2010Multi-year ( -2013 cross-sectional study using pre-and post-meal digital photographs of students' school lunch trays to estimate fruit and vegetable availability and consumption. Fruit and vegetable items were categorized for factors suspected to impact waste: prior farm to school years, placement (main menu, salad bar), procurement (local, conventional), preparation (cooked, raw) and meal component (entrée, side, topping). Analyses to assess within-category differences in waste volume were performed using a Tobit model. Setting: Wisconsin elementary schools participating in farm to school programmes, USA. Subjects: Children in third to fifth grade. Results: Many within-factor differences were detected overall and/or across time. Cooked fruits were wasted less than raw, while cooked vegetables were wasted more than raw. Where identified, locally sourced items were wasted more than conventionally sourced (+0·1 cups, P < 0·0001) and salad bar items more than main menu items (+0·01 cups, P < 0·0001). Increasing prior farm to school years decreased waste (−0·02 cups, P < 0·0001). Items previously tried were wasted at the same volume whether reported as liked or not. New school lunch meal pattern requirement implementation did not uniformly impact fruit and vegetable waste across all categories and there was no change in waste for seven of fifteen assessed categories. Conclusions: Many factors impact elementary students' school lunch waste. These factors may be helpful for school food-service authorities to consider when planning school menus. Keywords Fruits and vegetables School lunch Food wasteThe prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents has grown over the past three decades, recently reaching 17 % (1-3) , over half of the adult obesity prevalence rate, which stood at nearly 36 % in 2009-2010 (3) . Obesity and related co-morbidities have public health as well as economic implications (4,5) . Because of this high prevalence, public health personnel and medical professionals emphasize the importance of consuming a healthy diet (6) . Few children meet consumption recommendations for fruit and vegetables (F&V) (7) . One strategy hypothesized to help achieve this is improving the quality of school meals. These efforts include promoting increased consumption of low-energy-density foods such as F&V which, on the basis of high water and fibre content, alongside their low fat content, collectively yield larger bulk and low energy density. Although the positive effects of low-energy-dense food have been demonstrated in adults (8) , the data are somewhat inconsistent, particularly among children (9)(10)(11) . While many factors influence dietary preferences and habits, encouraging children to consume recommended amounts of F&V is often part of programming conducted in schools (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17...

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Section: Fruits and Vegetables School Lunch Food Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting fruit and vegetable school lunch waste in Wisconsin elementary schools participating in Farm to School programmes

Yoder

Foecke

Schoeller

2015

Public Health Nutr.

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“…(2). Esses achados são preocupantes, tendo em vista o crescente corpo de evidências que relaciona a densidade energética da dieta ao peso corporal em adultos (17).…”

Section: Casuística E Métodosunclassified

“…Porém, estudos realizados em populações brasileiras demonstram alta correlação, sensibilidade e especificidade dessas medidas quando pareadas com as aferidas (37,38). Além disso, apesar de não haver consenso sobre o método a ser usado para o cálculo da densidade energética, duas recentes revisões sistemáticas apoiam a exclusão das bebidas, e a maioria dos estudos vem adotando essa abordagem, que também foi adotada no nosso estudo (17,39). Considerando que os alimentos e as bebidas têm efeitos diferentes na saciedade e na ingestão energética, esses dois fatores dietéticos devem ser tratados separadamente.…”

Section: Casuística E Métodosunclassified

Densidade energética da dieta e fatores associados: como está a população de São Paulo?

Marchioni

Mendes

Gorgulho

et al. 2012

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab

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RESUMOObjetivo: Avaliar a densidade energética da dieta de adultos do município de São Paulo e fatores associados. Sujeitos e métodos: Participantes do estudo ISA-Capital, com amostragem probabilística (n = 710 adultos). O consumo alimentar foi avaliado pelo R24h. As correlações foram investigadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. As associações com dados demográficos, socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida foram investigadas por modelos de regressão multivariados. Resultados: A densidade energética média foi 1,98 kcal/g (IC 95% [1,94; 2,01]) e correlacionou-se positivamente com a ingestão de energia, gordura, carboidrato, colesterol, gordura saturada, sacarose, gordura trans e açúcar adicionado e negativamente com fibras. Apenas idade e hábito de fumar apresentaram associação com a densidade energética. Conclusões: Os valores elevados da densidade energética da dieta e a relação demonstrada com outros constituintes nutricionais denotam má qualidade da dieta nessa população, o que pode estar contribuindo para crescentes taxas de excesso de peso. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(9):638-45 Descritores Avaliação nutricional; inquérito nutricional; hábitos alimentares; ingestão de energia ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate dietary energy density in adults living in Sao Paulo and associated factors. Subjects and methods: Subjects were participants of ISA-Capital study, which was carried out with probabilistic sampling (n = 710 adults). Food consumption was assessed by R24h. Correlations with dietary constituents were evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Associations with demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle data were investigated by multivariate regression models. Results: The average energy density was 1.98 kcal/g (95% CI [1.94, 2.01]). It was positively correlated with energy, fat, carbohydrate, cholesterol, saturated fat, sucrose, trans fat and added sugar intake; and negatively correlated with fiber intake. Only age and smoking were associated with energy density. Conclusions: High values of energy density and the relationship determined with other nutritional constituents denote the poor quality of the diet in this population, which may be contributing to the rising rates of overweight. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(9):638-45

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“…[12][13][14] This is based on the presumption that increased intake of FV displaces energy intake from energy-dense foods. [15][16][17] Although the energy density hypothesis is well documented in the laboratory setting, 18,19 there is less evidence that an increase in FV consumption actually displaces consumption of other foods in a free-living situation such that it reduces total energy intake. In addition, most such evidence is based on self-reported dietary data and, thus, there is limitation in measuring dietary intake as a result of the inaccuracies of self-report.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fruits and Vegetables Displace, But Do Not Decrease, Total Energy in School Lunches

Yoder

Schoeller

2014

Childhood Obesity

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Background: The high overweight and obesity prevalence among US children is a well-established public health concern. Diet is known to play a causal role in obesity. Increasing fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption to recommended levels is proposed to help reduce obesity, because their bulk and low energy density are believed to reduce energy-dense food consumption (volume displacement hypothesis). This study tests this hypothesis at the lunch meal among upper-elementary students participating in a Farm to School (F2S) program.Methods: Digital photographs of students' school lunch trays were visually analyzed to identify the food items and amounts that were present and consumed before and after the meal. Using the USDA Nutrient Database, total and FV-only energy were calculated for each tray. Analysis of total-and non-FV energy intake was performed according to (1) levels of FV energy intake, (2) FV energy density, and (3) previous years of Farm to School programming.Results: Higher intake of FV energy displaced non-FV energy, but total energy did not decrease across FV energy intake groups. High-FV-energy-density trays showed lower non-FV energy intake than low-FV-energy-density trays (470 -179 vs. 534 -219 kcal; p < 0.0001). Trays from schools with more previous years of F2S programming decreased total and non-FV energy intake from school lunches ( p for trend < 0.0001, both).Conclusions: Increased FV consumption reduces non-FV energy intake, but does not reduce total energy intake. Therefore, this study does not support the volume displacement hypothesis and suggests calorie displacement instead.

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Dietary Energy Density and Body Weight in Adults and Children: A Systematic Review

Cited by 231 publications

References 44 publications

Factors affecting fruit and vegetable school lunch waste in Wisconsin elementary schools participating in Farm to School programmes

Factors affecting fruit and vegetable school lunch waste in Wisconsin elementary schools participating in Farm to School programmes

Densidade energética da dieta e fatores associados: como está a população de São Paulo?

Fruits and Vegetables Displace, But Do Not Decrease, Total Energy in School Lunches

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