Dietary Emulsifier Sodium Stearoyl Lactylate Alters Gut Microbiota in vitro and Inhibits Bacterial Butyrate Producers

Abstract

Dietary emulsifiers are widely used in industrially processed foods, although the effects of these food additives on human gut microbiota are not well studied. Here, we investigated the effects of five different emulsifiers [glycerol monoacetate, glycerol monostearate, glycerol monooleate, propylene glycol monostearate, and sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL)] on fecal microbiota in vitro. We found that 0.025% (w/v) of SSL reduced the relative abundance of the bacterial class Clostridia and others. The relative abundance of the families Clostridiaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae was substantially reduced whereas that of Bacteroidaceae and Enterobacteriaceae was increased. Given the marked impact of SSL on Clostridia, we used genome reconstruction to predict community-wide production of short-chain fatty acids, which were experimentally assessed by GC-MS analysis. SSL significantly reduced concentrations of butyrate, and increased concentrations of propionate compared to control cultures. The presence of SSL increased lipopolysaccharide, LPS and flagellin in cultured communities, thereby enhancing the proinflammatory potential of SSL-selected bacterial communities.

Binary Metabolic Phenotypes and Phenotype Diversity Metrics for the Functional Characterization of Microbial Communities

“…This hypothesis was further supported by the studies in humanized gnotobiotic mice model and via anaerobic in vitro culturing in the context of extreme variations of B-vitamin supply ( Sharma et al, 2019 ). The CPI-based functional profiling of HGM samples was applied to several other 16S rRNA metagenomic datasets, including the in vitro fermentation of fecal microbiomes ( Peterson et al, 2019 ; Elmen et al, 2020 ) and the comparative analysis of metabolic properties in microbiomes of infants as a function of breast-feeding vs. formula ( Jones et al, 2020 ), allowing us to link the metabolic phenotypes with variable environmental/growth conditions. Finally, predicted metabolic phenotypes were used for the classification of HGM samples from healthy versus IBD patients providing interpretable insights into the host-microbiome mechanisms of disease ( Iablokov et al, 2021 ).…”

The effect of calcium palmitate on bacteria associated with infant gut microbiota

“…Here, it is noteworthy that the common dietary emulsifier sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) has similar effects on human gut microbiota as IF. Elmén (Elmén et al, 2020) reported that a low concentration of 0.025% (w/v) of SSL already altered the human gut microbiota. Thus, our findings could help to explain the observation that B. longum and B. infantis are better colonizers of breastfed infant guts, while guts of formula-fed infants are more often colonized by E. coli, Clostridium difficile, and B. fragilis group members (Penders et al, 2005(Penders et al, , 2006Yasmin et al, 2017).…”

Processed Food And Food Additives In The Context Of Dysbiosis And Its Health Consequences

“…Elmen i wsp. [7] zbadali wpływ pięciu emulgatorów: monooctanu glicerolu (AMG), monostearynianiu glicerolu (GMS), monooleinianiu glicerolu (GMO), monostearynianu glikolu propylowego (PGMS) i stearoilomleczanu sodu (SSL) na mikrobiotę kałową in vitro. Zaobserwowano, że podawanie PGMS, GMS, GMO i SSL doprowadziło do zwiększonej liczebności Enterobacteriaceae i obniżonej liczebności Erysipelotrichaceae.…”

“…Wykazano także silny wpływ SSL na Clostridium spp. Znacząco zostało zmniejszone stężenie maślanu i zwiększone stężenie propionianiu, zwiększone stężenie lipopolisacharydu i flageliny, zwiększając tym samym potencjał prozapalny zbiorowisk bakteryjnych wyselekcjonowanych przez SSL [7]. Miclotte i wsp.…”