Dietary canitine maintains energy reserves and delays fatigue of exercised african catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed high fat diets

Ozório, Rodrigo O. A.; Ginneken, Vincent van; Thillart, G. van den; Verstegen, M.W.A.; Verreth, J.A.J.

doi:10.1590/s0103-90162005000300002

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Ozório et al . () observed a mismatch between carnitine requirement for energy fuelling and carnitine present in African catfish body pool subjected to a swimming burst. Therefore, it is necessary to determine factors responsible for modulating carnitine requirements in fish as discussed in the following section.…”

Section: Regulation Of L‐carnitine On Nutrients Metabolism In Aquaticmentioning

confidence: 98%

The metabolic regulation of dietary L‐carnitine in aquaculture nutrition: present status and future research strategies

Limbu

et al. 2018

Reviews in Aquaculture

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L-carnitine is a multi-functional nutrient which plays a leading role in fatty acid metabolism in mammals and other eukaryotes. Its main physiological function is to promote fatty acid b-oxidation to produce energy, which reduces body fat content and improves body weight without affecting moisture content in whole body and muscle. In recent years, its dietary supplementation in aquaculture nutrition has been studied in different cultured species. It has been proved that L-carnitine can improve growth and increase lipid utilization rate in some aquatic animals. However, such beneficial effects of dietary L-carnitine are limited or absent in other species. The reasons for the conflicting results obtained on L-carnitine functions in aquatic animals need to be elucidated. This review explores comprehensively the different physiological functions of L-carnitine in various aquatic animals. In the end, research strategies are provided to elucidate the existing conflicts on dietary L-carnitine application in aquaculture nutrition in order to promote its utilization in aquatic feed industry.

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Section: Regulation Of L‐carnitine On Nutrients Metabolism In Aquaticmentioning

confidence: 98%

The metabolic regulation of dietary L‐carnitine in aquaculture nutrition: present status and future research strategies

Limbu

et al. 2018

Reviews in Aquaculture

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“…l ‐carnitine is required for the transfer of long‐chain fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix during lipid catabolism (β‐oxidation); therefore, it plays a vital role in fat combustion (Borum 1987 cited in Harpaz 2005). It has also been suggested that l ‐carnitine supplementation may stimulate the protein‐sparing action by increasing the energy derived from lipids (Ozório, Van Ginneken, Van den Thillart, Verstegen & Verreth 2005). Some reports have indicated that l ‐carnitine has no effects on the growth performance of rainbow trout fry and fingerlings (Rodehutscord 1995; Chatzifotis, Takeuchi, Watanabe & Satoh 1997) and tilapia (Yang, Wen, Liou & Liu 2009), but improved the performance of other species including African catfish (Torreele et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of supplemental dietary l-carnitine and ractopamine on the performance of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Jalali

Soofiani

Sadeghi

et al. 2010

Aquaculture Research

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This study was carried out to investigate a possible protein‐sparing action of l‐carnitine and ractopamine in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. An 8‐week feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of supplementation of three levels of l‐carnitine (0, 1 and 2 g kg−1) and two levels of ractopamine (0 and 10 mg kg−1) on growth performance, fillet fatty acid compositions and blood biochemical parameters in a 3 × 2 factorial experimental design. Ractopamine and 1 g kg−1 carnitine improved the specific growth rate (1.03% and 1.05% day−1), feed conversion ratio (FCR, 1.3 and 1.29), protein efficiency ratio (PER, 1.88 and 1.85) of fish and crude protein (73.5 and 73.8) content of fish fillet. l‐carnitine and ractopamine increased the levels of albumin, total protein and globulin in the serum of fish. Apart from eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, other fatty acids of fish fillet were increased by ractopamine, while total saturated fatty acids were almost intact. However, the total n‐3 poly unsaturated fatty acids were reduced by l‐carnitine supplementation (P<0.05). The present study showed that 1 g kg−1l‐carnitine and 10 mg kg−1 ractopamine each can improve the performance of rainbow trout and their combination in diet could enhance the protein level and change the fatty acids profile in fillet muscle.

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“…However, little is known about the effects of dietary L-carnitine supplements on the energy metabolism of exercised fish. Ozório et al (17) working with the African catfish fed high-fat level (190 g/kg diet), showed that dietary L-carnitine supplementation alleviated fatigue during short-term exhaustive exercise by facilitating the recovery of muscle high-energy phosphates content (ATP and phosphocreatine). Ozório et al (17) suggested that muscle ATP recovery was stimulated from body lipids.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of exercise onl-carnitine and lipid metabolism in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed different dietaryl-carnitine and lipid levels

Ozório

Ginneken

Bessa³

et al. 2009

Br J Nutr

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African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were fed four isonitrogenous diets (34 % crude protein), each containing one of two lipid (100 or 180 g/kg) and two L-carnitine (15 or 1000 mg/kg) levels. After 81 d of feeding, thirty-two fish (body weight 32 g) from each dietary group were randomly selected, sixteen fish were induced to a 3-h swim (speed of 1·5 body length (BL)/s), while the other sixteen fish were kept under resting condition. Fish fed 1000 mg L-carnitine accumulated 3·5 and 5 times more L-carnitine in plasma and muscle, respectively, than fish fed the 15 mg L-carnitine. Muscle L-carnitine content was significantly lower in exercised fish than in rested fish. High dietary lipid level (fish oil) led to an increase in muscle n-3 PUFA content and a decrease in SFA and MUFA content. In liver, the increase in dietary lipid level resulted in an increased levels of both n-6 and n-3 PUFA. L-carnitine supplementation significantly decreased n-3 PUFA content. Exercise decreased n-3 PUFA in both muscle and liver. Plasma lactate and lactate dehydrogenase, normally associated with increased glycolytic processes, were positively correlated with exercise and inversely correlated with dietary L-carnitine level. L-carnitine supplementation reduced significantly the RQ from 0·72 to 0·63, and an interaction between dietary L-carnitine and lipid was observed (P, 0·03). Our results indicate that an increase in fatty acids (FA) intake may promote FA oxidation, and both carnitine and exercise might influence the regulation of FA oxidation selectivity.African catfish: L-carnitine metabolism: Lipid metabolism: Exercise Fish are subjected to many changes in energy demand throughout their lifespan. As the lipid content of their diet increases so does the optimal dietary level of L-carnitine (1 -3) , a multi-physiological, bioactive additive compound, synthesised from two essential amino acids, protein-bound lysine and methionine. It is not entirely understood whether animals require exogenous L-carnitine, and over the past 20 years, the scientific discussion regarding this subject continued with ambiguous arguments.L-Carnitine plays several important physiological roles like shuttling the long-chain fatty acid (FA) across the inner mitochondrial membrane for ATP production (4,5) and inhibition of superoxide radical formation (6) . According to Heo et al. (2,7) , L-carnitine biosynthesis might be sufficient to maintain growth of 20-kg pigs during optimum husbandry conditions. Nevertheless, extra dietary L-carnitine is efficiently retained in body tissues, playing a role in nutrient utilisation and thus on growth performance and body composition. The rate of lipid oxidation is determined by the energy requirements of working muscles and by the availability of free L-carnitine delivery to muscle mitochondria (8,9) .Since exogenous L-carnitine may influence energy utilisation efficiency, several studies using birds and mammals as animal models tested the effect of dietary L-carnitine supplementation on the exercise performance and on l...

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Dietary canitine maintains energy reserves and delays fatigue of exercised african catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed high fat diets

Cited by 8 publications

References 24 publications

The metabolic regulation of dietary L‐carnitine in aquaculture nutrition: present status and future research strategies

The metabolic regulation of dietary L‐carnitine in aquaculture nutrition: present status and future research strategies

Effects of supplemental dietary l-carnitine and ractopamine on the performance of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Effects of exercise onl-carnitine and lipid metabolism in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed different dietaryl-carnitine and lipid levels

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