“…While the testes have a battery of endogenous defences to protect the germline from oxidative stress (Aitken and Roman, 2008), dietary antioxidants have also been implicated as limiting resources involved in male reproductive trade-offs (Blount et al, 2001;Dowling and Simmons, 2009). There is good evidence that dietary antioxidants can affect sperm quality (Ahmadi et al, 2016;Liu et al, 1997;Rengaraj and Ho Hong, 2015;Showell et al, 2011;Surai et al, 1997). For example, male three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, fed a diet rich in carotenoids have increased fertilization success in non-competitive fertilization assays (Pike et al, 2010).…”