Dietary Antioxidant Supplementation Promotes Growth in Senegalese Sole Postlarvae

Abstract

Somatic growth is a balance between protein synthesis and degradation, and it is largely influenced by nutritional clues. Antioxidants levels play a key role in protein turnover by reducing the oxidative damage in the skeletal muscle, and hence promoting growth performance in the long-term. In the present study, Senegalese sole postlarvae (45 days after hatching, DAH) were fed with three experimental diets, a control (CTRL) and two supplemented with natural antioxidants: curcumin (CC) and grape seed (GS). Trial spanned for 25 days and growth performance, muscle cellularity and the expression of muscle growth related genes were assessed at the end of the experiment (70 DAH). The diets CC and GS significantly improved growth performance of fish compared to the CTRL diet. This enhanced growth was associated with larger muscle cross sectional area, with fish fed CC being significantly different from those fed the CTRL. Sole fed the CC diet had the highest number of muscle fibers, indicating that this diet promoted muscle hyperplastic growth. Although the mean fiber diameter did not differ significantly amongst treatments, the proportion of large-sized fibers (>25 μm) was also higher in fish fed the CC diet suggesting increased hypertrophic growth. Such differences in the phenotype were associated with a significant up-regulation of the myogenic differentiation 2 ( myod2 ) and the myomaker ( mymk ) transcripts involved in myocyte differentiation and fusion, respectively, during larval development. The inclusion of grape seed extract (GS diet) resulted in a significant increase in the expression of myostatin1 . These results demonstrate that both diets (CC and GS) can positively modulate muscle development and promote growth in sole postlarvae. This effect is more prominent in CC fed fish, where increased hyperplastic and hypertrophic growth of the muscle was associated with an upregulation of myod2 and mymk genes.

Dietary Natural Plant Extracts Modulate Growth Performance and Antioxidant Status of Senegalese Sole Postlarvae

“…The present results showed that diet supplementation with curcumin (CC diet) and grape seed (GS diet) extracts promote larger sole postlarvae. In fact, previous data showed that these supplemented diets improve sole growth performance through a modulation in the expression of genes related to muscle growth and development 21 . The supplementation of curcumin started recently in diets for freshwater sh juveniles, such as in crucian carp 32 , rainbow trout 14 , common carp 10 and Nile tilapia 13,15 .…”

“…Polyphenols represent 5-8% of the constituent of grapes depending on the variety, and the most abundant are avonoids, tannins and phenolic acids 18,19 . Dietary grape seed extract at 0.1% was bene cial for growth performance and meat quality in juvenile rainbow trout 20 and in post-larvae of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis), the dietary administration of grape seeds supplemented in the mineral premix at 1.2% also showed an increase in growth performance and modulation of gene expression relate to muscle growth development 21 .…”

“…(Olhão, Portugal). Feed samples were freeze-dried, ground and analysed for dry matter (105 °C for 24 h), crude protein by automatic ash combustion (Leco FP-528, Leco, St. Joseph, USA; N× 6.25), lipid content by petroleum ether extraction using a Soxtherm Multistat/SX PC (Gerhardt, Königswinter, Germany; 150 °C), and gross energy in an adiabatic bomb calorimeter (Werke C2000; IKA, Staufen, Germany) 21 . Diets proximal composition was identical for all 4 diets (Table 1), and they only changed in the supplementation with extracts, and this supplementation did not exceed 1% of the diets.…”

Dietary Natural Plant Extracts Modulate Growth Performance and Antioxidant Status of Senegalese Sole Postlarvae

“…The extract of curcumin (95.34 % purity), green tea (³ 50 % polyphenols) and grape seed (³ 70 % polyphenols) used in the supplemented diets were provided by Denk Ingredients (Germany). These selected doses of each antioxidant extract are under a patent pending application (PCT/IB2020/056001) and were chosen based on previous trials conducted in the Centre of Marine Science of Algarve (CCMAR) (21). All diets were prepared by SPAROS Lda.…”

“…Polyphenols represent 5 -8 % of the constituent of grapes depending on the variety, and the most abundant are avonoids, tannins and phenolic acids (18,19). Dietary grape seed extract at 0.1 % was bene cial for growth performance and meat quality in juvenile rainbow trout (20) and in postlarvae of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis), the dietary administration of grape seeds supplemented in the mineral premix at 1.2 % also showed an increase in growth performance and modulation of gene expression relate to muscle growth development (21).…”