Dietary acid load and lung cancer risk: A case-control study in men

Ronco, Álvaro L.; Martínez‐López, Wilner; Calderón, Juan M.; Golomar, Wilson

doi:10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100382

Cited by 21 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Two studies were also removed during the second screening phase because these studies were conference. Finally, three cohorts ( 21 , 24 , 30 ) and seven case-control studies ( 19 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 31 – 33 ) were comprised in the current systematic review and meta-analysis. Figure 1 shows the flow diagram of the study selection process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The follow-up period in cohort studies ranged from 7.3 to 8 years. The type of studied cancers were breast ( 21 , 30 , 32 , 33 ), colorectal ( 19 , 22 ), prostate ( 20 ), lung ( 23 ), pancreas ( 24 ), and glioma ( 31 ). Most of the studies ( n = 9) used the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) tool for assessment of the food intake.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of High Dietary Acid Load With the Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

et al. 2022

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ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the relationship between the high dietary acid load (DAL) and the risk of cancer.MethodsFive databases of PubMed, Web of Sciences, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar was searched to elicit original studies on humans, up to June 2021. Quality of the articles, risk of bias, and heterogeneity were assessed. A random-effects meta-analysis model was applied to estimate pooled effect size with a 95% confidence interval. Sensitivity analysis was performed using a fixed-effects model. Subgroup analyses were carried out based on gender, age, type of cancer, and type of DAL assessment indicator.ResultsSeventeen effect sizes from 10 articles were included in the analysis. Overall, individuals with the highest DAL were associated with a 66% increased risk of cancer compared to those with the lowest DAL (p < 0.001]. The risk of cancer increased 41% (p < 0.001) and 53% (p = 0.03) by high PRAL and NEAP, respectively. High DAL was associated with 32% (p < 0.001) and 79% (p < 0.001) increased risk of breast and colorectal cancers, respectively. High DAL was associated with 32% (p = 0.001) and 76% (p = 0.007) increased risk of cancer incident in women and men, respectively. The risk of cancer incident increased 35% (p < 0.001) and 49% (p < 0.001) at age ≤ and > of 50, respectively.ConclusionHigh DAL may be associated with a higher risk of cancer incidence not only in the whole studied population but also across cancer types, both genders, both DAL assessment indicators, and also among both high- and low-risk age groups for cancer.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of High Dietary Acid Load With the Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

et al. 2022

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“…It is now widely accepted that Dietary Acid Load (DAL) is an important determinant of systemic pH, metabolism, and base–acid equilibrium (Kahleova et al., 2021 ). A higher DAL has been associated with an increased risk for multiple noncommunicable diseases, including hypertension (Akter et al., 2015 ), type‐2‐diabetes, and insulin resistance (Williams et al., 2016 ; Akter et al., 2016 ; Lee & Shin, 2020 , cardiovascular disease (Han et al., 2016 ), and even certain types of cancer (Ronco et al, 2021a , 2021b ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced dietary acid load in U.S. vegetarian adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Storz

Ronco

2022

Food Science & Nutrition

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Dietary acid load (DAL) is an important determinant of systemic pH and acid–base homeostasis. Diets abundant in acidogenic foods, such as meat and meat products, induce a low‐grade metabolic acidosis state that has been associated with cardiovascular disease, type‐2‐diabetes, and an increased cancer risk. Fruits and vegetables have alkalizing properties and beneficially affect DAL. It has thus been suggested that a plant‐based diet (restricting or excluding animal products) may be a powerful tool in reducing DAL; yet studies in that particular field are scarce. To explore these associations in greater detail, we examined DAL in self‐identified vegetarians from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2010). We compared dietary intake and two widely used markers of DAL (PRAL (potential renal acid load) and NEAP (net endogenous acid production; NEAPF and NEAPR)) among 8,398 nonvegetarians and 191 lacto‐ovo‐vegetarians with reliable dietary intake aged 18 years or older. Vegetarians had a more favorable body mass index and consumed fewer calories (1862.31 kcal/d) than nonvegetarians (2041.12 kcal/d). Vegetarians consumed fewer protein (34.17 g/1000 kcal) and phosphorus compared to nonvegetarians (39.50 g of protein/1000 kcal) but had a higher intake of magnesium and potassium. Nonvegetarians exhibited higher median DAL scores (PRAL: 11.90 mEq/d, NEAPF: 53.59 mEq/d, NEAPR: 55.67 mEq/d) than vegetarians (PRAL: −0.44 mEq/d, NEAPF: 39.60 mEq/d, NEAPR: 41.30 mEq/d). Vegetarians had more favorable DAL scores compared to nonvegetarians in this descriptive epidemiologic study. Future (interventional) trials are warranted to examine the varying acid load in different plant‐based dietary patterns.

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“…Seven studies focused on cancer risk were published between 2005 and 2021 ( Table 1 ). Among them, four were case–control studies ( 17 , 18 , 20 , 21 ), and three were cohort studies ( 19 , 22 , 23 ). Three studies were performed in Asia ( 17 , 18 , 21 ), two in North America ( 19 , 22 ), one in South America ( 20 ), and one in Europe ( 23 ), respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between dietary acid load and cancer risk and prognosis: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

et al. 2022

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Epidemiological studies have suggested that dietary acid load (DAL) might be related to the risk and prognosis of cancer, whereas the evidence is contentious. Several high-quality observational studies have been published following a prior systematic review with only one study included. Consequently, we conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis to comprehensively investigate the relationship between DAL and cancer risk and prognosis. A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases from inception to 26 October 2021. Summary relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs were calculated using a random-effects model. Publication bias, subgroup, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were also conducted. Ten observational studies (six cohorts and four case–control studies) with 227,253 participants were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The summary RRs revealed a statistically significant associations between DAL and cancer risk (RR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.23–2.05, I2 = 71.9%, n = 7) and prognosis (RR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.10–2.13, I2 = 77.1%, n = 3). No evidence of publication bias was observed in the current analysis. Positive associations were observed in most subgroup analyses stratified by predefined factors, including region, study design, study quality, study population, participants’ gender, age of participants, cancer type, DAL assessment indicator, and adjustment of potential confounding parameters. No evidence of heterogeneity between subgroups was indicated by meta-regression analyses. The high DAL might be associated with an increased risk of cancer, as well as a poor prognosis of cancer. More high-quality prospective studies are warranted to further determine the associations between DAL and risk and prognosis for specific cancers.

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Dietary acid load and lung cancer risk: A case-control study in men

Cited by 21 publications

References 48 publications

Association of High Dietary Acid Load With the Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Association of High Dietary Acid Load With the Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Reduced dietary acid load in U.S. vegetarian adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Association between dietary acid load and cancer risk and prognosis: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

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