Diet Supplementation with a Bioactive Pomace Extract from Olea europaea Partially Mitigates Negative Effects on Gut Health Arising from a Short-Term Fasting Period in Broiler Chickens

Abstract

The effects of supplementing chicken diets with an olive pomace extract (OE) from Olea europaea on performance and gut health after a challenge of intestinal permeability (IP) increase were studied. Treatments included a control diet with no additives (CF), and diets supplemented with 100 ppm of monensin (MF) or with 500 (OE500F) and 1500 ppm (OE1500F) of an OE. At 14 d, all birds, except those allocated in a control group (CNF), were submitted to a 15.5 h short-term fasting period to induce IP increase. Fasting increased (p < 0.05) lactulose/mannitol ratio and Alpha 1 Acid Glycoprotein concentration, and reduced (p < 0.001) villus/crypt ratio. Moreover, a down-regulation of Claudin-1 (p < 0.05), an up-regulation of TLR4 and IL-8 (p < 0.05) ileal gene expression was observed in CF birds compared to CNF. OE500F treatment reduced duodenal crypt depth compared to CF (p < 0.05; OE linear effect). Mannitol concentration and ileal IL-8 expression were reduced in OE500F compared to CF and OE1500F (p = 0.05). Fasting challenge induced an increase in IP triggering an inflammatory response. Supplementation of OE up to 1500 ppm did not affect growth performance and alleviated some of the negative effects of the fasting challenge.

Microencapsulation Improved Fumaric Acid and Thymol Effects on Broiler Chickens Challenged With a Short-Term Fasting Period

“…Short-term FP up to 24 h has been reported to increase intestinal permeability (38), which may potentially induce bacterial translocation (39), lameness (40), and compromised growth performance (41). A recent study conducted by Herrero-Encinas et al (31) showed that a 15.5-h short-term FP induced an increase in intestinal permeability by reducing Claudin-1 expression, which triggered an inflammatory response, resulting in a higher CD and lower VH:CD ratio compared to control nonfasted group.…”

“…Afterwards, a short-term FP was performed by removing feeders for 16 h and 30 min. This aimed to induce a challenge, as this practice has been reported as a model to increase intestinal permeability and thereby negatively affect the gut integrity (31).…”

Current experimental models, assessment and dietary modulations of intestinal permeability in broiler chickens

“…(2017) where resveratrol increased MUC-2 expression and goblet cell concentrations. A lack of effect on IP has also been observed for olive pomace under the 15.5 h fasting model ( Herrero-Encinas et al., 2020 ). It would have been interesting to study the effect of olive pomace feeding after fasting, but it was not studied.…”

“…Modern meat-type chickens have been bred for high feed intake and growth, therefore keeping them off-feed can also induce stress with consequences on intestinal function including an increased IP. Fasting has been shown to increase IP in chickens measured by L:M, L:R ratios or FITC-d. Fasting of 4.5 and 9 h ( Gilani et al., 2018a ), 15.5 h ( Herrero-Encinas et al., 2020 ) and 24 h ( Vicuña et al., 2015b ) have shown to induce a GIT leakage. In addition to FITC-d and L:M ratio markers, claudin-3 and fatty acid binding protein (FABP) were significantly reduced in 4.5 and 9 h fasted chickens suggesting TJ modulation as well ( Gilani et al., 2018c ).…”

“…(2018) Fasting (1) FITC-d; (2) FITC-d; (3) Iohexol; (4) Lactulose sugars; (5) FITC-d; (6) FITC-d + BT (1 to 3) NA; (4) Olive pomace had no effect; (5) IP increased by glutamine/Sodium butyrate; (6) IP reduced by humic acid (1) Vicuña et al. (2015b) ; (2) Baxter et al (2017) ; (3) Wilhelm et al., 2020 ; (4) Herrero-Encinas et al. (2020) ; (5) Gilani et al.…”