Diet quality in relation to the risk of hypertension among Iranian adults: cross-sectional analysis of Fasa PERSIAN cohort study

Abstract

Background Hypertension is a common chronic disease with various complications and is a main contributing factor to cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to assess the association of diet quality, assessed by dietary diversity score (DDS), Mediterranean dietary score (MDS), diet quality index-international (DQI-I), and healthy eating index-2015 (HEI-2015) with the risk of hypertension. Methods This study recruited a total of 10,111 individuals (45.14% male) with mean age of 48.63 ± 9.57 years from the Fasa Cohort Study, Iran. Indices of diet quality, including MDS, HEI-2015, DQI-I, and DDS were computed by a 125-item Food Frequency Questionnaire. Participants were diagnosed as hypertensive if they had a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mmHg, systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg,, or used antihypertensive drugs. Results Hypertension was prevalent in 28.3% of the population (21.59% in males and 33.74% in females). In the whole population, after adjustment for potential covariates, including daily energy intake, age, gender, physical activity, smoking, family history of hypertension, body mass index, and the level of education, higher adherence to the MDS (OR: 0.86, 95%CI = 0.75–0.99) and HEI-2015 (OR: 0.79, 95%CI = 0.68–0.90) was significantly associated with decreased risk of hypertension. The protective effect of HEI-2015 against hypertension remained significant for both males (OR: 0.80, 95%CI = 0.64–0.99) and females (OR: 0.78, 95%CI = 0.66–0.94), while, for MDS, this relationship disappeared in the subgroup analysis by gender. DQI-I and DDS were not related to the odds of hypertension. Conclusions Adhering to MDS and HEI-2015 diets could contribute to the prevention of hypertension.

Evaluating type and amount of dietary protein in relation to metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults: cross-sectional analysis of Fasa Persian cohort study

“…For instance, a study by Motamedi et al on the Fasa cohort data showed that the Mediterranean dietary score and a healthy eating index-2015 was associated with a lower risk of having hypertension. They also indicated that higher adherence to the Mediterranean dietary score and healthy eating index-2015 was associated with a decrease in the obesity-related parameters, including weight, Waist circumference, BMI, and hip circumference [ 52 ]. Furthermore, isoflavones in plant-based diets, which regulate the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-2, improve cholesterol clearance from serum [ 45 ].…”

Healthy eating index 2015 and major dietary patterns in relation to incident hypertension; a prospective cohort study

“…Hypertension (HTN) is a global health problem, the principal cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and premature death, affecting roughly one billion adults worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. By 2030, it is estimated that 41% of American adults will have been diagnosed with HTN [ 3 ].…”

“…By 2030, it is estimated that 41% of American adults will have been diagnosed with HTN [ 3 ]. In contrast to the trends reported in the USA and northern Europe, evidence indicates that CVDs mortality is rising in Iran, and 24% of females and 22% of males suffer from HTN [ 4 , 2 ]. HTN is a multifactorial disease caused by a complex combination of dietary, lifestyle, and genetic risk factors [ 5 ].…”

“…HTN is a multifactorial disease caused by a complex combination of dietary, lifestyle, and genetic risk factors [ 5 ]. The high prevalence of HTN can be attributed to sedentary behaviour, obesity, smoking, family history, and an unwholesome diet [ 2 , 5 , 6 ]. Interestingly, not only is it a curable and well-modifiable disease the controlled HTN but also improves the life quality and the prognosis and prevents relating clinical complications [ 2 , 7 ].…”

“…The high prevalence of HTN can be attributed to sedentary behaviour, obesity, smoking, family history, and an unwholesome diet [ 2 , 5 , 6 ]. Interestingly, not only is it a curable and well-modifiable disease the controlled HTN but also improves the life quality and the prognosis and prevents relating clinical complications [ 2 , 7 ]. The main approaches for preventing and managing HTN are lifestyle changes, involving physical activity, weight loss, and dietary modifications [ 2 , 8 , 9 ].…”