Evaluating type and amount of dietary protein in relation to metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults: cross-sectional analysis of Fasa Persian cohort study

Abstract

Background and aim Metabolic syndrome is characterized by several conditions including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose levels, and hypertension; which all are directly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the amount and source of dietary protein with the risk of metabolic syndrome and its components in adult men and women. Material and method This study was performed using Persian cohort data, Fasa branch, which included 3660 men and 5262 women. Individuals were divided into five groups for total dietary proteins, plant proteins, and animal proteins using the quintiles, and the odds of incidence for metabolic syndrome and each component was evaluated. Results A higher intake of total protein was associated with lower odds of having metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.24 95% CI 0.18–0.33, P-trend < 0.001 in men, OR: 0.42 95% CI 0.34–0.51, P-trend < 0.001 in women) and all of its components. men (OR: 0.35 95% CI 0.25–0.48, P-trend < 0.001) and women (OR: 0.41 95% CI 0.33–0.52, P-trend < 0.001) in the highest quintile of plant protein intake had a reduced prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components. An increased animal protein intake was associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome (P-trend < 0.001), a declined risk of having elevated triglycerides (P-trend = 0.016) in men, and a reduced risk of having abdominal obesity in men (P-trend < 0.001) and women (P-trend < 0.001). Conclusion A higher consumption of total protein and plant protein was associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components. Increased consumption of animal protein seemed to be related to a lower prevalence abdominal obesity. Also, only in men, animal protein was associated with decreased risk of having metabolic syndrome.

Lifestyle Factors Influencing Metabolic Syndrome after Adjusting for Socioeconomic Status and Female Reproductive Health Indicators: A National Representative Survey in Korean Pre- and Postmenopausal Women

“…Vasbinder et al [33] also reported that higher total protein intake, specifically animal protein, was strongly associated with MetS in postmenopausal women. Conversely, Jamshidi et al [34] reported that a higher intake of total protein is associated with lower odds of having MetS in Iranian women. Lee et al [35] investigated the correlations between high fat and high protein with MetS using the KNHANES (2018-2020), but no relationship was found between them.…”

Association between Lifelines Diet Score (LLDS) and some novel anthropometric indices, including Body Roundness Index (BRI), A Body Shape Index (ABSI), Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI), and Body Adiposity Index (BAI), in Iranian women: a cross-sectional study

“…We used a validated International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to determine how physically active the participants were. According to the IPAQ scoring protocol, individuals were divided into the following groups in terms of physical activity: [ 1 ] low active (< 600 MET (Metabolic Equivalent of Task) -h/week); [ 2 ] moderate active (≥ 600 MET-h/week); and [ 3 ] high active (≥ 3000 MET-h/week). We also used a standard sociodemographic questionnaire to collect data on age, education level, marital status, job, supplementation, and economic status.…”

“…During the last century, our lifestyles and dietary habits have significantly changed, leading to the obesogenic environment we live in today. The growth of Western lifestyles characterizes this transition and causes an increase in overweight and obesity worldwide [ 2 , 4 ].…”

Plant protein substitution for animal protein and its association with cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory biomarkers in elderly men: A substitution analysis

“…Previous studies have examined the relationship between dietary macronutrients, such as protein, and CVDs, and have found significant associations [17][18][19][20]. Different types of protein may have varying effects on CVD risk factors, and substituting one type of protein for another may be beneficial in reducing certain risk factors [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. The present study aims to investigate the effects of protein substitution on CVD risk factors.…”

“…Additionally, plant proteins such as soy protein have been shown to be effective in reducing plasma cholesterol levels [22]. However, some studies have found reverse associations or no significant relationship [26][27][28][29]. Furthermore, the substitution of different types of protein intake may also affect CVD risk factors [30][31][32].…”