Diet–Microbiota Interactions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the precise etiology of IBD is largely unknown, it is widely thought that diet contributes to the development of IBD. Diet shapes the composition of the gut microbiota, which plays critical roles in intestinal homeostasis. In contrast, intestinal inflammation induces gut dysbiosis and may affect the use of dietary nutrients by host cells and the gut microbiota. The interaction of diet and the gut microbiota is perturbed in patients with IBD. Herein, we review the current knowledge of diet and gut microbiota interaction in intestinal homeostasis. We also discuss alterations of diet and gut microbiota interaction that influence the outcome and the nutritional treatment of IBD. Understanding the complex relationships between diet and the gut microbiota provides crucial insight into the pathogenesis of IBD and advances the development of new therapeutic approaches.

Metabolic Influences of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…On the other hand, unhealthy diets such as Western dietary patterns those are low in fruits, vegetables, probiotics, fermentable food, fibers, prebiotics, and vitamin D are directly related to dysbiosis of the microbiota and diminished microbial diversity, decreasing SCFAs production, reducing good bacteria and increasing the pathobionts such as E. coli and Clostridium difficile ( Sugihara and Kamada, 2021 ). This results in more patchy and thinner mucus layer, which as a result provides less protection between colonocytes and luminal bacteria ( Sugihara and Kamada, 2021 ). In addition, the compromised intestinal barrier function, due to decreased expression of cellular tight junctions, leads to escape of harmful bacterial products including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the intestinal lumen to the lamina propria ( Ghosh et al, 2020 ).…”

Mucolytic bacteria license pathobionts to acquire host-derived nutrients during dietary nutrient restriction

“…The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of IBD 12,13 . Potentially pathogenic members of the commensal bacteria, termed pathobionts, have been identified in IBD patients and observed to trigger or exacerbate inflammation in the gut.…”

The Role of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…Commensal gut microbiota metabolize nonabsorbable dietary carbohydrates and produce metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) that can account for as much as 10% of the daily energy intake [ 7 ]. While SCFAs acetate, propionate, and butyrate are the main energy source for colonocytes, they also enhance mucosal-barrier function by stimulating the secretion of mucus and maintaining the integrity of epithelial tight junctions [ 9 ]. Butyrate also binds directly to macrophages and dendritic cells, enhancing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, suppressing proinflammatory cytokine IL-6, and influencing the differentiation and proliferation of regulatory T cells [ 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”