Metabolic Influences of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic medical disorders characterized by recurrent gastrointestinal inflammation. While the etiology of IBD is still unknown, the pathogenesis of the disease results from perturbations in both gut microbiota and the host immune system. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in IBD is characterized by depleted diversity, reduced abundance of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producers and enriched proinflammatory microbes such as adherent/invasive E. coli and H2S producers. This dysbiosis may contribute to the inflammation through affecting either the immune system or a metabolic pathway. The immune responses to gut microbiota in IBD are extensively discussed. In this review, we highlight the main metabolic pathways that regulate the host-microbiota interaction. We also discuss the reported findings indicating that the microbial dysbiosis during IBD has a potential metabolic impact on colonocytes and this may underlie the disease progression. Moreover, we present the host metabolic defectiveness that adds to the impact of symbiont dysbiosis on the disease progression. This will raise the possibility that gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with IBD results in functional perturbations of host-microbiota interactions, and consequently modulates the disease development. Finally, we shed light on the possible therapeutic approaches of IBD through targeting gut microbiome.

Implication of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Gut Dysbiosis and Diseases

“…Finally, it should be mentioned that some IBD medications (e.g., steroids, aminosalicylates, and anti-TNF-α agents), as well as the use of probiotics/prebiotics have been reported to positively affect either the composition/metabolism of gut microbiota or the metabolic status of intestinal cells by altering the intestinal biota [ 214 ]. These drugs/strategies may thus represent valid therapeutic options.…”

Probiotic-Based Intervention in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: Conventional and New Approaches

“…It was reported that the postbiotics improve mucosal maturation and function and, furthermore, trigger the host’s immune system and anti-inflammatory responses [ 169 , 170 ]. Postbiotics are important for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and epithelial barrier function, as well as for establishing stable communities within gut microbiota; thus, the use of these bioactive compounds in IBD therapy is recommended [ 171 ].…”

Intestinal Macrophage Autophagy and its Pharmacological Application in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…In normal conditions, four phyla of microbiota are detected to be dominant in the gut of normal human, including Bacteroidetes , Firmicutes , Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria ( Zhang et al, 2017b ; Invernizzi et al, 2021 ; Mao et al, 2021 ). However, dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota has been investigated in patients with various digestive disorders, such as colorectal cancer and IBD ( Shin et al, 2015 ; Tomasello et al, 2016 ; Sun and Shen, 2018 ; Fan et al, 2021 ; Sultan et al, 2021 ). Under certain pathologic conditions, some kinds of harmful microbiota are invaded and largely residue in the gut.…”