Dielectrophoretic Micropatterning with Microparticle Monolayers Covalently Linked to Glass Surfaces

Abstract

Two-dimensional micropatterns of microparticles were fabricated on glass substrates with negative dielectrophoretic force, and the patterned microparticles were covalently bound on the substrate via cross-linking agents. The line and grid patterns of microparticles were prepared using the repulsive force of negative dielectrophoresis (n-DEP). The template interdigitated microband array (IDA) electrodes (width and gap 50 mum) were incorporated into the dielectrophoretic patterning cell with a fluidic channel. The microstructures on the glass substrates with amino or sulfhydryl groups were immobilized with the cross-linking agents disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) and m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxy-succinimide ester (MBS). Diaphorase (Dp), a flavoenzyme, was selectively attached on the patterned microparticles using the maleimide groups of MBS. The enzyme activity on the patterned particles was electrochemically characterized with a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) in the presence of NADH and ferrocenylmethanol as a redox mediator. The SECM images proved that Dp was selectively immobilized onto the surface of microparticles to maintain its catalytic activity.

Development of Biosensing Devices and Systems Using Micro/Nanoelectrodes

“…The enzyme activity of the immobilized particles was characterized by SECM. 62 We applied the manipulation of microparticles by DEP to a rapid and separation-free immunoassay in an integrated microfluidic device. 63 A DEP device with caged electric barriers was fabricated to capture microparticles modified with antibody.…”

Manipulation of microparticles for construction of array patterns by negative dielectrophoresis using multilayered array and grid electrodes

“…The physical manipulation of biological particles is a vital component of miniaturized biotechnological platforms such as ''lab-on-a-chip'' devices and arrays for high-throughput assays. In recent years, many techniques regarding the manipulation of bioparticles on chips have been developed using hydrodynamics (El-Ali et al, 2006;Peterson 2005;Yang et al, 2007), magnetic forces (Ino et al, , 2009Ito et al, 2007Ito et al, , 2005Tsuchiya et al, 2008), dielectrophoresis (DEP) (Albrecht et al, 2006(Albrecht et al, , 2007Bocchi et al, 2009;Hsiung et al, 2008;Kim et al, 2007;Lee et al, 2008;Suzuki et al, 2004Suzuki et al, , 2007Suzuki et al, , 2008Taff and Voldman, 2005;Tornay et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2007;Yantzi et al, 2007;Yasukawa et al, 2007), electrophoresis , and pneumatic force (Hiranishi et al, 2007;Jeong and Konishi, 2009).…”

“…DEP manipulation can be applied for various species, including non-charged materials, while electrophoretic manipulation is applied only for charged species. Therefore, many systems proposed in recent years have used DEP with a non-homogeneous electric field as the force for non-contact manipulation of cells or microparticles (Albrecht et al, 2006(Albrecht et al, , 2007Bocchi et al, 2009;Hsiung et al, 2008;Kim et al, 2007;Lee et al, 2008;Mittal et al, 2007;Peterson, 2005;Suzuki et al, 2004Suzuki et al, , 2007Suzuki et al, , 2008Taff and Voldman, 2005;Yantzi et al, 2007;Yasukawa et al, 2007). DEP techniques can be roughly categorized into three types, according to the way the electric field interacts with bioparticles; p-DEP, negative-DEP (n-DEP), and a combination of the two.…”

“…We have previously reported the manipulation of microparticles and cells in small devices, with the successful formation of line patterns on arbitrary surfaces using n-DEP with interdigitated array (IDA) electrodes Suzuki et al, 2004Suzuki et al, , 2007Suzuki et al, , 2008. Although IDA electrodes can be applied for the fabrication of bioparticle line patterns, a novel technique for the fabrication of array patterns is desired for future applications, such as the fabrication of cell chips.…”

Simple Formation of Cell Arrays Embedded in Hydrogel Sheets and Cubes

“…However, the DEP force is temporary, and the disappearance of DEP regulation occurs upon switching off the voltage application, which leads to a redispersion of cells accumulated for cell patterning. Thus, immobilization techniques, such as covalent bonding via cross-linking agents, 14 microwell arrays, 15,16 cell-adhesive proteins, 17 and the encapsulation into hydrogels, [18][19][20] have been incorporated into the DEP manipulation technique to maintain patterned cells at their directed positions. The encapsulation of patterned cells into photopolymerizable hydrogel is among suitable methods to obtain a cell array with precise positioning owing to rapid and simple manners.…”