Diel spatial distribution and feeding activity of herring (Clupea harengus) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus) in the Baltic Sea

Cardinale, Massimiliano; Casini, Michèle; Arrhenius, Fredrik; Håkansson, Nils

doi:10.1016/s0990-7440(03)00007-x

Cited by 90 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Fish schools, like those observed in sardines and anchovies, display synchronized and polarized behavior, making them one type of aggregated social assemblage, more generally referred to as fish shoals (Pitcher & Parrish 1993). Schooling fish generally display a behavior of forming into dense schools during the day and dispersing at night (Azzali et al 1985, Fréon et al 1996, Fréon & Misund 1999, Cardinale et al 2003. This diel behavior is believed to be regulated by a balance between the pressures of predation and the needs of individuals to eat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diel behavior of sardine and anchovy schools in the California Current System

Kaltenberg¹,

Benoit‐Bird²

2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Fish schools containing Pacific sardine Sardinops sagax and northern anchovy Engraulis mordax were observed in 2 regions within the California Current System in 2 years using a combination of moored and shipboard acoustics and net sampling. Schools of sardines and anchovies off the Oregon coast followed typical diel patterns consistent with antipredator behavior, dispersing at nighttime, rapidly reforming into discrete schools at sunrise, and maintaining schooling behavior throughout daylight hours. Discrete schools containing primarily sardines in Monterey Bay, California, were observed during both daytime and nighttime in addition to layers and loose aggregations at nighttime, with a peak in the formation of schools occurring several hours before sunrise. Transitions between daytime and nighttime behaviors occurred more gradually in Monterey Bay than off the Oregon coast. The 2 regions experienced different prey environments, with acoustic indices for zooplankton abundance in Monterey Bay much higher than off Oregon. Due to the shallower water column, prey availability was fairly consistent throughout day and night in Monterey Bay. However, prey availability was highly variable at the Oregon site, where diurnally migrating zooplankton were only available to fish in the surface region at night. The combined effects of prey availability and the water column depth may influence the efficiency of school formation, leading to the differences in diel patterns of schooling that were observed among the 2 regions. These environmental influences on schooling behavior likely have significant consequences for predators that rely on sardine and anchovy schools as prey as well as the commercial fisheries in both regions.KEY WORDS: Schooling · Behavior · Sardine · Anchovy · Predator-prey relationship · Zooplankton · Fisheries · Acoustics Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 394: [247][248][249][250][251][252][253][254][255][256][257][258][259][260][261][262] 2009 to eat. Nighttime dispersal may also benefit schooling fish by decreasing predation by nocturnal predators (Radakov 1973). Nocturnal predators that do not rely on vision for prey detection have an increased predation rate on schooling fish when they are aggregated in schools than when they are dispersed (Pitcher & Parrish 1993). Schooling may also be hindered by decreased light level at nighttime in some species that rely on vision to maintain orientation within the group. Anchovy, however, are able to maintain schooling at very low light levels (O'Connell 1963, Hunter & Nicholl 1985, and saithe Pollachius virens are able to school with no light relying solely on lateral line senses (Pitcher et al. 1976).The specific forces driving the formation and dispersal dynamics of schools are not well understood, with a number of studies reaching contradictory results regarding the rate of school dispersal and formation at dusk and dawn. Azzalli et al. (1985) modeled the diel patterns of schooling and s...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diel behavior of sardine and anchovy schools in the California Current System

Kaltenberg¹,

Benoit‐Bird²

2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Popiel (1951) suggested that stomachs of herring caught in the morning had low food content in contrast to fish from catches in the middle of the day. Moreover, Cardinale et al (2003) pointed out that herring in the southern Baltic Sea fed upon zooplankton mainly at twilight. However, the degree of fullness of stomachs in this paper was calculated based on the mean from all catches in a particular regions, which were conducted at different times of the day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet composition of herring (Clupea harengus L.) and cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the southern Baltic Sea in 2007 and 2008

Dziaduch

2011

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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Diet composition of two commercial fish species, herring and cod, were studied in some regions (mainly Gdańsk and Bornholm Basins, and the Polish coast) of the southern Baltic Sea in 2007 and 2008. Herring is the dominant zooplanktivorous species in the ecosystem of the Baltic Sea, but apart from mesoplanktonic organisms it also eats macroplanktonic and benthic species in considerable amount. The diet of cod consists of fish and crustaceans from pelagic, hyperbenthic and benthic habitats. The feeding preferences of fish indirectly reflect changes in the whole food chain in the Baltic Sea. This research focuses specifically on these invertebrate species, which are eliminated from the environment by most of the ichthyofauna of this region. The aim of this research is to examine the role of invertebrate organisms belonging to Crustacea in the diet of herring and adult cod to supply updated results about feeding of these fish as little data have been collected since the 1990s. The present study is a preliminary survey and results can not be considered conclusive. The restricted numbers of analyzed stomachs of fish and selected seasons of the year addressed in this paper are a starting point for further studies with a larger scope. In this study, 20 to 90% of herring had empty stomachs. Mesozooplankton dominated the diets of small and large herring.

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“…Secondly, the cycle of prey could be another factor as the nocturnal dolphin movements in coastal waters may represent a searching pattern for fish moving from inshore to offshore and vice versa. For example, some species have diurnal or nocturnal peaks in activity, spending the day close to the seabed and dispersing at night to feed at the surface (Cardinale et al, 2003). In some places, variations in the abundance and species composition between day and night have been demonstrated (Azzurro et al, 2004).…”

Section: The Habitat Use Of Tursiops Truncatus and The Animal's Intermentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring the habitat use of common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) using passive acoustics in a Mediterranean marine protected area

Manna¹,

Manghi²,

Sarà³

2014

Medit. Mar. Sci.

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The Mediterranean Tursiops truncatus subpopulation has been classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because of its decline. This species in coastal areas is exposed to a wide variety of threats: directed kills, bycatch, reduced prey availability caused by environmental degradation and overfishing, habitat degradation including disturbances from boat traffic and noise. Despite the increase in boat traffic in the Mediterranean Sea, the effect on T. truncatus' habitat use has not been studied in detail and published data are limited. This study represents the first attempt to characterise spatial and temporal habitat use by T. truncatus and its relation to boat traffic in the Isole Pelagie Marine Protected Area (Italy) on the basis of an originally developed passive acoustic monitoring system (PAM). The devices were deployed in 2 areas in the southern waters of Lampedusa, during 2 separate years (2006 and 2009), each time for 3 months (from July to September) and in 6 time slots (3 diurnal and 3 nocturnal). Acoustic analysis showed that T. truncatus used the Southern coastal area of Lampedusa independently of the year, primarily during the early summer, a period coinciding with the peak of the calving season. Dolphin occurrences appeared independent of boat traffic, with the exception of the smallest temporal scale (time slots); dolphin occurrences were more prevalent during the night when the level of boat traffic was lower. This study provides evidence on T. truncatus habitat use in the Mediterranean Sea and reveals that boat traffic could be one of the factors influencing it, thus stressing the need for further detailed investigation regarding this topic.

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Diel spatial distribution and feeding activity of herring (Clupea harengus) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus) in the Baltic Sea

Cited by 90 publications

References 33 publications

Diel behavior of sardine and anchovy schools in the California Current System

Diel behavior of sardine and anchovy schools in the California Current System

Diet composition of herring (Clupea harengus L.) and cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the southern Baltic Sea in 2007 and 2008

Monitoring the habitat use of common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) using passive acoustics in a Mediterranean marine protected area

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