Die symptomatischen Psychosen

Kafka, paranoic doubles and the brain: hypnagogic vs. hyper-reflexive models of disrupted self in neuropsychiatric disorders and anomalous conscious states

“…In contrast, I have proposed that Berze, Conrad, Binswanger, Blankenburg, Ey, Straus and numerous other psychiatrists in the phenomenological tradition (with regard to whom Louis Sass claims, incorrectly I believe, direct lineal descent) describe schizophrenia completely differently as a Dionysian illness [1,80,82,92]. For example, the phenomenological psychiatrist, Conrad [93] characterizes the paranoid delusional patient in a world between waking and sleeping , "a world of fluctuating Gestalten, concerning which up to this point, the poet has much more knowledgeable things to say than the psychologist" p. 378, my translation. As schizophrenia for Conrad is a being "caught between sleep and wakefulness," double bookkeeping is not some intellectual indulgence, an intensifying of intact rational or attentional processes, an ability to detach and participate willy-nilly in two worlds by straddling them.…”

“…This is not the detachment from too much intellect or lack of emotion. It is rather precisely the inability to distance , or separate from (i.e., transcend) what Conrad [93,6] calls the physiognomic expressiveness of the hallucinatory "pre-Gestalt" ( Vorgestalt ) during paranoid psychosis and hypnagogic experiences. Moreover, it is not the detachment resulting from too much intellect or lack of emotion, a hyper-reflexive " solipsism " [90], see [71] for review.…”

“…In keeping with the current effort to examine the literary "data" concerning paranoid hypnagogic experience, Conrad characterizes the paranoid delusional world between waking and sleeping as "a world of fluctuating Gestalten, concerning which up to this point, the poet has much more knowledgeable things to say than the psychologist" [93], p. 378, my trans). Conrad observes the similarly between earlier stages of unformed perceptions in microgenetic experiments, or impoverished perceptual conditions, and the dreamer's or hallucinating patient's acceptance of the incomplete Gestalt ( Vorgestalt ) as given.…”

Delirium e confusão mental no século XIX: uma história conceitual

“…Com Kurt Schneider (1948;Conrad, 1960), a turvação se tornou "axial" para a escola alemã; sua contrapartida clínica sendo a desorientação temporoespacial. O uso simplista dessa noção tem frequentemente ocultado sua complexidade (Levin, 1956;Benton et al, 1964;Lipowski, 1980;Marchais, 1981).…”

Experienced reality in somatic patients more than 65 years old

“…Stromgren (1945), Conrad (1960), and Shor (1959), among others, have mentioned lack of differentiation in the experiential life as being common for many DSCs. Stromgren (1945) and Bleuler (1966), however, also find this lack of differentiation in demented, but clear, states of consciousness.…”