Die geschlechtsspezifische Lohnlücke in Deutschland: Umfang, Ursachen und Interpretation

Abstract

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The EU Gender Earnings Gap: Job Segregation and Working Time as Driving Factors

“…For Germany, for example, a study with Socio Economic Panel data (SOEP; cf. Wagner et al 2008) shows for the year 2011 that gender differences in employment experience answer for 5.6 percentage points out of the 22.8 % German gender pay gap (Boll/Leppin 2015). Firm tenure is not identical with work experience since firm tenure focuses on years of employment with the same employer whereas work experience is the aggregate sum of years of employment.…”

“…Whatever the sources of the women's lesser representation at the top, research suggests it can have substantial consequences for gender wage differences (Blau/Kahn 2016). This is witnessed by the higher pay gap at the top of the earnings distribution compared to median (OECD 2012: 167;Boll/Leppin 2015) or generally lower levels (Blau/Kahn 2016). According to a study with German micro data from 2011, the different occupational positioning of women and men contributed with 3.4 percentage points to the raw gap (Boll/ Leppin 2015).…”

“…This is witnessed by the higher pay gap at the top of the earnings distribution compared to median (OECD 2012: 167;Boll/Leppin 2015) or generally lower levels (Blau/Kahn 2016). According to a study with German micro data from 2011, the different occupational positioning of women and men contributed with 3.4 percentage points to the raw gap (Boll/ Leppin 2015). Bettio (2002) argues that horizontal desegregation would not necessarily decrease the pay gap in Europe, but vertical desegregation would.…”

“…The adjusted wage gap must not be equated with discrimination as is sometimes referred to (e. g. Del Rio et al 2011). The fact that the unexplained part comprises also the influence of endowment differences in unobserved characteristics between male and female workers could lead to an overestimation of the real level of discrimination (Boll/Leppin 2015;Federal Statistical Office 2006: 10). On the other hand, it may not be ruled out that discriminatory practices restrict women's access to pay-attractive endowments as they are measured in the characteristics effect.…”

Potential Effects of a Statutory Minimum Wage on the Gender Pay Gap A Simulation-Based Study for Germany

“…However, note that the adjusted gap does not equal discrimination (Boll/Leppin 2015). This becomes obvious by the fact that the constant which is included in the adjusted gap compris---es of unobservable individual effects.…”