“…While the presence of German merchants and craftsmen at Lisbon can be traced down to the 13 th century with the Chapel of St Bartholomew soon to be integrated into the Church of St Julian near the Tagus River, their number increased in the period under consideration in which they were joined by gunners hired by the Crown of Portugal as well as by printers 39 . Albeit scarce, evidence exists for the 15 th century for a religious organisation of German merchants, craftsmen and gunners around St Bartholomew and, to a lesser extent, in the Confraternity of the Holy Cross and St Andrew at the Dominican convent 40 . Yet trading documents, even though skewed towards Behaim and his circle for 15 years or so before 1500, suggest a somehow different picture, for South German merchants at least.…”