“…The high unemployment rates in Nordic countries since the 1990s and early the 2010s have been well-documented in numerous studies (Elmeskov, 1994;Aaberge et al, 2000;Jochem, 2000;Ervasti, 2002;Holmlund, 2009;Honkapohja, 2009;Nymoen and Rødseth, 2003;Salokangas et al, 2022). This increase in unemployment rates has disrupted the linearity of the relevant variables, with structural breaks playing a significant role in the unit root processes of the variables.…”