Dichotomous and Multipoint Scales Using Bipolar Adjectives

King, Lynda A.; King, Daniel W.; Klockars, Alan J.

doi:10.1177/014662168300700205

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Although these researches are focused on confirmatory factor analyses, the main idea that the greater the categorization imply a greater loss of information, and, in turn, a greater attenuation of the relationships between items, can be applied to the exploratory factor analyses. In those studies that compare the dichotomous format with that of seven response alternatives (Bernstein & Teng, 1989; Comrey & Montag, 1982; King, King, & Klockars, 1983; Oswald & Velicer, 1980; Velicer, DiClemente, & Corriveau, 1984) the data indicate better factorial validity with seven options than with two. The fact that the validity of the questionnaire changes according to the number of response options is a matter of considerable importance, potentially calling into question the construct validity of the variable measured (MacCallum, Zhang, Preacher, & Rucker, 2002; Muñiz, García-Cueto, & Lozano, 2005).…”

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confidence: 98%

Effect of the Number of Response Categories on the Reliability and Validity of Rating Scales

2008

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The Likert-type format is one of the most widely used in all types of scales in the field of social sciences. Nevertheless, there is no definitive agreement on the number of response categories that optimizes the psychometric properties of the scales. The aim of the present work is to determine in a systematic fashion the number of response alternatives that maximizes the fundamental psychometric properties of a scale: reliability and validity. The study is carried out with data simulated using the Monte Carlo method. We simulate responses to 30 items with correlations between them ranging from 0.2 to 0.9. We also manipulate sample size, analyzing four different sizes: 50, 100, 200, and 500 cases. The number of response options employed ranges from two to nine. The results show that as the number of response alternatives increases, both reliability and validity improve. The optimum number of alternatives is between four and seven. With fewer than four alternatives the reliability and validity decrease, and from seven alternatives onwards psychometric properties of the scale scarcely increase further. Some applied implications of the results are discussed.

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confidence: 98%

Effect of the Number of Response Categories on the Reliability and Validity of Rating Scales

2008

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“…We aimed for an even distribution of statements rated as true and false, and thus included negative, neutral, and positive trait adjectives. The final 80 items drew on a pool of trait adjectives from Lazzari et al (1978) and King (1983), of likability-rated items from Dumas et al (2002), Schonbach (1972) and Alicke (1985), and on self-generated trait adjectives. We designed our experiment to be conducted with two parallel statement sets subsequently with magnetoencephalography (MEG) and fMRI.…”

Section: Experimental Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Correlates of Self-Referential Belief Processes

Bruns,

Scholz,

Koppe

et al. 2023

Preprint

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BackgroundBelief processing as well as self-referential processing have both been consistently associated with cortical midline structures. In addition, seminal neuroimaging papers have implicated cortical regions such as the vmPFC ingeneralbelief processing. However, the neural correlates ofself-referentialbelief are yet to be investigated in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).MethodsIn this fMRI study, we presented 120 statements with trait adjectives as target words to N=27 young healthy participants and asked them to judge whether they believed that these trait adjectives applied to themselves, a self-chosen close person, or a public person (the German chancellor at that time). Participants subsequently rated how certain (0-100%) they were in their judgment.ResultsAs expected, self-referential processing evoked a large cluster in the vmPFC, ACC and dmPFC. For belief, we found an activated cluster in the vmPFC during statement presentation, which partly overlapped with the cluster for self-referential processing. The cluster for self-belief vs. disbelief was similar in location and size to the cluster for general belief processing and distinct from the cluster for self-referential processing. We also found dmPFC activation for uncertainty in belief evaluations.DiscussionWe successfully replicated vmPFC involvement in belief processing and found a common neural correlate for belief and self-belief in the vmPFC. The activation clusters for self-belief versus self-referential processing were distinct, implying distinct neural processes. This insight will prove relevant for investigations in clinical populations with aberrant (self-)belief processing. Furthermore, we replicated the role of the dmPFC in uncertainty, supporting a dual neural process model of belief and certainty.

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“…Dichotomous scale is a scale that provides two options on opposite ends, such as Yes/No or Agree/Disagree. This study will use the dichotomous scale to measure variables IP and Advertisement, and Yes is represented by 1 while No is represented by 0 [21].…”

Section: Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors fluence the success of mobile games in China

Gao¹

2022

BCPBM

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This study analysis factors that affect the success of mobile games in China. Top 200 mobile game data of the 365 days download ranking in China from June 6, 2021, to June 4, 2022, as the representative of successful mobile games in China. To explore the relationship of factors with mobile games performance, correlation analysis, chi-square goodness-of-fit, and independent two samples t-test are used to perform data analysis. The results showed there is no relationship and difference between the usage of IP and mobile game performance. However, there is a weak positive relationship between the usage of advertisement and mobile game performance. Results also revealed that simulation games, action games and hypercausal games account for a high proportion on the successful game, while there is almost no manager, idle, and music games in the successful game. From the perspective of mobile game industry, this study provides a valuable insight on the production and promotion of mobile game.

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Dichotomous and Multipoint Scales Using Bipolar Adjectives

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Effect of the Number of Response Categories on the Reliability and Validity of Rating Scales

Effect of the Number of Response Categories on the Reliability and Validity of Rating Scales

Neural Correlates of Self-Referential Belief Processes

Factors fluence the success of mobile games in China

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