Dichlobenil and 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) in the environment: What are the risks to humans and biota?

Bioactivation of the Nasal Toxicant 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile: An Assessment of Metabolic Activity in Human Nasal Mucosa and Identification of Indicators of Exposure and Potential Toxicity

“…20 The relatively strong persistence of DCBN leads to its widespread occurrence in the environment, including air, soil, ground water, river, and sea, 21 which increases the chance of human exposure. A recent study showed that DCBN in herbicides can permeate through both disposable and some chemically protective nitrile gloves, 22 further suggesting the risks of DCBN exposure by workers.…”

Pesticide stress on plants negatively affects parasitoid fitness through a bypass of their phytophage hosts

“…A c c e p t e d m a n u s c r i p t meristem-effective herbicide and can still be found in environmental compartments like soil and ground water (Björklund et al 2011). DCB, also known as paradichlorobenzene or p-dichlorobenzene, is used as a moth repellent and as toilet block deodorant (Meharg et al 2000).…”

“…They may pose problems for non-target organisms, especially since they may unintentionally spread to various other environmental compartments like rain, soil and ground water (Björklund et al 2011). Once persistent chemicals end up in the soil and the soil interstitial water (Meharg et al 2000;Björklund et al 2011), they can be taken up by plant roots and subsequently be translocated to other parts of the plants. There, they can pose a risk to the consumers of the plant (Barbour et al 2005) and potentially to their natural enemies.…”

“…The trophic chain to test this consisted of the winter wheat Triticum aestivum Linnaeus, the aphid Sitobion avenae Fabricius (Carter et al 1980) and its specialist parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi de Stefani-Perez (Krespi et al 1994). The two pesticides used were selected for their spread and persistence within various ecosystems (Wang et al 1995;Newhart 2007;Björklund et al 2011). They have both been used on a large scale and residues can still be found in the soil and interstitial water (Wang et al 1995;Björklund et al 2011).…”

Micro-flow-injection analysis (μFIA) immunoassay of herbicide residue 2,6-dichlorobenzamide – towards automated at-line monitoring using modular microfluidics

“…Toxicity studies indicate that consumption of a few hundred mg kg −1 of BAM can cause acute toxicity in mammals. 19 In Denmark where the entire drinking water supply is based on groundwater, 20 studies conducted by the Danish groundwater monitoring programme revealed that 25% of water supply wells contain BAM and 10% exceed the European Commission threshold limit of 0.1 µg L −1 for pesticides in drinking water. 21 Bruun et al have presented a heterogeneous labelled competitive immunoassay for BAM analysis in water.…”