Diamond model and the export competitiveness of the agriculture industry from emerging markets: an exploratory vision based on a spatial effect study using a genetic algorithm

Abstract

A deeper understanding of the comparative advantage of emerging markets in agricultural export can be gained by analysing the spatial connections of emerging markets through the framework provided by the diamond model. The geographic economics fac-

Diamond Model and Competition of Rubber Export Markets: Evidence from Sumatra Economic Growth Center

“…The deciding factor for the decline in Indonesia's export competitiveness is the FDI factor, this is in line with the findings of Huo (2019) and (Huo et al, 2019), that the impact of FDI, and the price level on export competitiveness especially agricultural products is positive in emerging market countries, including Indonesia. The interest rate, and the size of rubber exports were able to increase Indonesia's export competitiveness, but this rubber export was no longer significant in the fixedeffect model.…”

“…So that the competitiveness of Indonesia's rubber exports to Malaysia is far greater than that of Singapore. So it can be said if the type of Indonesian export goods is still at the level of raw materials, and rubber raw materials, then its competitiveness will be low with countries that have been processing and increasing added value, which can be seen [21] Diamond Model and Competition of Rubber Export Markets: Evidence From Sumatra Economic Growth Center from the composition of imported goods that place raw goods and agricultural foods as lowest order in importing to his country. Conversely, if the types of Indonesian exported goods are at the level of intermediated goods, consumer goods, and capital goods, then the intensity of Indonesia's trade with ASEAN countries will be dominated by Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand.…”

“…Trade-in agricultural products which are superior products such as rubber by the center of economic growth is a mainstay product that is expected to drive economic growth in the central region of economic growth in Sumatra. (Ansofino, 2016;Jambor et al, 2017, Ansofino andZusmelia, 2017;Svatos, et al, 2018;Huo et al, 2019;Ansofino et al, 2019).…”

“…The interconnectedness of rubber economic resources in the Sumatra economic corridor can offer Indonesia's competitive advantage in the face of trade competition with ASEAN countries. The spatial effect of interconnecting rubber economic resources on the regional competition market can be analyzed with the Diamond model (Porter, 1981;Grant, 1991) with its development on the Lafay Index, (Huo, et al, 2019;Kamath et al, 2012). The main problem examined in this study is whether the rubber trade center of the Sumatra corridor has competitiveness in trade with the ASEAN region and globally?…”

Optimize the Irrigation and Fertilizer Schedules by Combining DSSAT and GA

“…Therefore, an optimal solution of irrigation and fertilizer schedules is needed to solve this kind of nonlinear problems. As an excellent global optimization algorithm, genetic algorithm (GA) can nd the optimal solution of water and fertilizer system only with a given range of water and fertilizer amount, which is very suitable for solving this kind of problem (Ferreiro et al 2016;Huo et al 2020). In this paper, the DSSAT model is veri ed by the data of previous references.…”