Diagnostic strategies and the incidence of prostate cancer: reasons for the low reported incidence of prostate cancer in China

Zhang, Ling; Wu, Shan; Guo, Lirong; Zhao, Xin

doi:10.1038/aja.2008.21

Cited by 53 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…18 In China, the incidence of prostate cancer has increased over time. 19 Surgery and radiotherapy with or without androgen deprivation therapy) are the most effective therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer. However, there is currently no effective treatment for patients with advanced prostate cancer at diagnosis and those who do not respond to primary curative attempts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmid-based Stat3 siRNA delivered by hydroxyapatite nanoparticles suppresses mouse prostate tumour growth in vivo

Zhu¹,

Guo²,

Li³

et al. 2011

Asian J Androl

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DNA vector-based Stat3-specific RNA interference (si-Stat3) blocks Stat3 signalling and inhibits prostate tumour growth. However, the antitumour activity depends on the efficient delivery of si-Stat3. The effects on the growth of mouse prostate cancer cells of si-Stat3 delivered by hydroxyapatite were determined in this study. RM-1 tumour blocks were transplanted into C57BL/6 mice. CaCl 2 -modified hydroxyapatite carrying si-Stat3 plasmids were injected into tumours, and tumour growth and histology were determined. The expression levels of Stat3, pTyr-Stat3, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase3, VEGF and cyclin D1 were measured by western blot analysis. Amounts of apoptosis in cancer cells were analysed with immunohistochemistry and the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labelling (TUNEL) assay. The results showed that hydroxyapatite-delivered si-Stat3 significantly suppressed tumour growth up to 74% (P,0.01). Stat3 expression was dramatically downregulated in the tumours. The immunohistochemistry and TUNEL results showed that si-Stat3-induced apoptosis (up to 42%, P,0.01). The Stat3 downstream genes Bcl-2, VEGF and cyclin D1 were also strongly downregulated in the tumour tissues that also displayed significant increases in Bax expression and Caspase3 activity. These results suggest that hydroxyapatite can be used for the in vivo delivery of plasmid-based siRNAs into tumours.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmid-based Stat3 siRNA delivered by hydroxyapatite nanoparticles suppresses mouse prostate tumour growth in vivo

Zhu¹,

Guo²,

Li³

et al. 2011

Asian J Androl

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“…These results demonstrate that prostate cancer can be detected at an early stage and that treatment can be effectively performed. 10 However, it should be noted here that the incidence and mortality rate data mostly came from limited clinical institutes and not from mass screening results. In Philippines, Vietnam and Malaysia, the MR/IR ratios were over 0.50.…”

Section: Reasons For the Low Incidence And High Mr/ir Ratio Of Prostamentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, cases with Gleason scores 8-10 accounted for 34% of all prostate cancer cases. 10,[14][15][16] Our data suggest that the prostate cancer incidence rate in China would be almost equivalent to those of Europe and the United States; prostate cancer is prevalent in developing Asian countries and the mortality risk can no longer be ignored. Furthermore, the data suggest that the rate of high-risk patients may be variable and dependent on lifestyle and/or ethnic background from country to country.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Psa Screening In Men Over 50 Years Old Is Impementioning

confidence: 99%

Prostate cancer: an emerging threat to the health of aging men in Asia

Zhang¹,

Yang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2011

Asian J Androl

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To evaluate the early diagnosis and survival rates, the mortality-to-incidence rate ratio (MR/IR) was calculated from the IARC data. By comparing prostate cancer data between Asian men and North American men, we found that differences in the incidence rate and MR/IR could be attributed largely to a lack of annual prostate cancer screening with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in most Asian countries. It is likely that PSA screening also contributes significantly to the differences in prostate cancer mortality rates. Prostate cancer has the highest incidence rate among five common malignancies in Asian Americans. However, the MR/IR ratio of prostate cancer is the lowest among cancers. These data seem to further support the usefulness of PSA screening, even though the percentage of low risk cancers is greater in prostate cancer than in other cancers. The low incidence rate of prostate cancer does not reflect the actual statistics of this disease in Asia. The data from limited institutions in many Asian countries seem to bias the true incidence and mortality rates. To improve this situation, incorporating PSA screening for prostate cancer, as well as constructing a nationwide cancer registration system, will be helpful.

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“…30 Nevertheless, prostate cancer rates still remain very low (more than 100-fold fewer reported cases) compared to men living in northern America. 31 ' UNRAVELING THE CAUSES Chronic age-related diseases increasingly appear to have multigenic 32 and multiepigenetic components underlying their onset. These include genetic susceptibility factors, gene-environment interactions, 19 and lifestyle-related practices that can be transmitted across trans-generational social networks, as has been demonstrated for obesity.…”

Section: ' Emerging Urban Health Trends In 21st Century Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding and Harnessing the Health Effects of Rapid Urbanization in China

Zhu

Ioannidis

Hong

et al. 2011

Environ. Sci. Technol.

141

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China is undergoing a rapid transition from a rural to an urban society. This societal change is a consequence of a national drive toward economic prosperity. Rapid urbanization impacts on infrastructure, environmental health and human wellbeing. Unlike many cases of urban expansion, Chinese urbanization has led to containment, rather than to increase, in the spread of infectious diseases. Conversely, the incidence of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases has risen, with higher rates occurring in urban regions. This ruralÀurban gradient in disease incidence seems not to be a reflection simply of more aggressive diagnosis or healthcare access. Other diseases exhibit little rural versus urban differences (e.g., liver cancer or respiratory disease), or even occur at a higher rate in the rural population (e.g., esophageal cancer). This article examines the impact of this changing demographic on environmental health and human wellbeing in China. Lessons learned from epidemiological studies mostly carried out in Europe and the U.S. may not be directly transferable to China. We advocate that there is now a need to establish robust systems of accurate data collection, a Chinese biobank network to facilitate the profiling of human health effects, and relevant randomized controlled trials to identify effective interventions in the Chinese urbanized setting. Such studies could allow for the future implementation of disease-preventive strategies.

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Diagnostic strategies and the incidence of prostate cancer: reasons for the low reported incidence of prostate cancer in China

Cited by 53 publications

References 20 publications

Plasmid-based Stat3 siRNA delivered by hydroxyapatite nanoparticles suppresses mouse prostate tumour growth in vivo

Plasmid-based Stat3 siRNA delivered by hydroxyapatite nanoparticles suppresses mouse prostate tumour growth in vivo

Prostate cancer: an emerging threat to the health of aging men in Asia

Understanding and Harnessing the Health Effects of Rapid Urbanization in China

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