Diagnostic Approaches Techniques in Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Smith, Rebecca; Chepisheva, Mariya; Cronin, Thomas D.; Seemungal, Barry M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812344-7.00016-9

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 166 publications

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“…Considering the direct relation between the salivary gland and the nervous system, as the facial nerve innervates the sublingual and submandibular glands through the submandibular ganglion and the glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the parotid gland through the otic ganglion, saliva could represent an important source of biomarkers for nervous system disorders [ 139 , 140 ]. In contrast to blood, saliva is a matrix that can be collected easily and non-invasively, at all ages and many times per day, and assessed through different assays [ 139 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 ], which is promising for its future clinical application in the timely detection, diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of neurological disorders [ 142 , 145 ]. In this regard, a novel term has been introduced, salivaomics, which encompasses all biomarkers discovered within the genome, microbiome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome for the development of translational and clinical tools for diagnosis [ 145 , 146 ].…”

Section: Saliva Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease—An Up-To-Date Overview

2020

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Neurodegeneration is a highly complex process which is associated with a variety of molecular mechanisms related to ageing. Among neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common, affecting more than 45 million individuals. The underlying mechanisms involve amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) deposition, which will subsequently lead to oxidative stress, chronic neuroinflammation, neuron dysfunction, and neurodegeneration. The current diagnosis methods are still limited in regard to the possibility of the accurate and early detection of the diseases. Therefore, research has shifted towards the identification of novel biomarkers and matrices as biomarker sources, beyond amyloid-β and tau protein levels within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that could improve AD diagnosis. In this context, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of both conventional and novel biomarkers for AD found within body fluids, including CSF, blood, saliva, urine, tears, and olfactory fluids.

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Section: Saliva Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease—An Up-To-Date Overview

2020

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“…Forrest et al ( 2011 ) reported that KYNA was a significant correlate of performance in the Stroop C and Trail A and B tests, and predicted cognitive function in patients following cardiac surgery. However, due to their poor specificity, inadequate sensitivity and inaccurate assay methods (Smith et al, 2019 ), the correlations between these biomarkers and postoperative cognitive function have been controversial.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Markers of Neurocognitive Disorders After Cardiac Surgery: A Bibliometric and Visual Analysis

2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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BackgroundIdentifying useful markers is essential for diagnosis and prevention of perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs). Here, we attempt to understand the research basis and status, potential hotspots and trends of predictive markers associated with PNDs after cardiac surgery via bibliometric analysis.MethodsA total of 4,609 original research articles and reviews that cited 290 articles between 2001 and 2021 were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) as the data source. We used the software CiteSpace to generate and analyze visual networks of bibliographic information, including published years and journals, collaborating institutions, co-cited references, and co-occurring keywords.ResultsThe number of annual and cumulative publications from 2001 to 2021 has been increasing on the whole. The Harvard Medical School was a very prolific and important institution in this field. The journal of Ann Thorac Surg (IF 4.33) had the most publications, while New Engl J Med was the most cited journal. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100b and kynurenic acid (KYNA) were frequently discussed as possible markers of PNDs in many references. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was a keyword with high frequency (430) and sigma (6.26), and inflammation was the most recent burst keyword.ConclusionPotential markers of PNDs has received growing attention across various disciplines for many years. The research basis mainly focuses on three classic biomarkers of S100b, NSE, and KYNA. The most active frontiers are the inflammation-related biomarkers (e.g., inflammatory cells, cytokines, or mediators) and surgery-related monitoring parameters (e.g., perfusion, oxygen saturation, and the depth of anesthesia).

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“…Taken together, the use of NSE as potential stage specific biomarker poses apparent drawbacks. The inadequate sensitivity coupled with poor specificity means that NSE might not be used in isolation but rather as a panel of biomarkers [ 12 , 27 ]. The other issue that might hinder the use of NSE as a blood based diagnostic biomarker is hemolysis that makes interpretation of elevated NSE levels challenging.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Neuron-Specific Enolase is not a reliable biomarker for staging Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness patients

et al. 2022

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Objective Currently, the only available staging criterion for T. b. rhodesiense requires a lumber puncture to collect and later examine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This study examined the potential of plasma Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) in discriminating between early and late-stage patients. Results When median NSE levels were compared between early and late-stage patients, results showed a significant (P < 0.02) upregulation among late-stage patients (599.8 ng/mL). No significant differences (P > 0.9) in NSE levels were observed between early-stage patients (300 ng/mL) and controls (454 ng/mL). We used Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves to explore the likelihood of using plasma NSE as a potential stage biomarker in discriminating between early and late-stage HAT patients. Our results showed that NSE demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.702 (95% CI 0.583–0.830). A high staging accuracy for NSE was obtained by using a cutoff of > 346.5 ng/mL with a sensitivity of 68.6% (95% CI 55–79.7%) and a specificity of 93.3% (95% CI 70.2–99.7%). Although our results demonstrate that plasma NSE is upregulated in T. b. rhodesiense sleeping sickness patients, its value in discriminating between late and early-stage patients is limited. However, future studies could consider improving its specificity by combining it with other identified plasma biomarkers.

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Diagnostic Approaches Techniques in Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Cited by 10 publications

References 166 publications

Body Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease—An Up-To-Date Overview

Body Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease—An Up-To-Date Overview

Potential Markers of Neurocognitive Disorders After Cardiac Surgery: A Bibliometric and Visual Analysis

Plasma Neuron-Specific Enolase is not a reliable biomarker for staging Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness patients

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