Diagnostic Approaches For COVID-19: Lessons Learned and the Path Forward

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a transmitted respiratory disease caused by the infection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although humankind has experienced several outbreaks of infectious diseases, the COVID-19 pandemic has the highest rate of infection and has had high levels of social and economic repercussions. The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the limitations of existing virological tests, which have failed to be adopted at a rate to properly slow the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2. Pandemic preparedness has developed as a focus of many governments around the world in the event of a future outbreak. Despite the largely widespread availability of vaccines, the importance of testing has not diminished to monitor the evolution of the virus and the resulting stages of the pandemic. Therefore, developing diagnostic technology that serves as a line of defense has become imperative. In particular, that test should satisfy three criteria to be widely adopted: simplicity, economic feasibility, and accessibility. At the heart of it all, it must enable early diagnosis in the course of infection to reduce spread. However, diagnostic manufacturers need guidance on the optimal characteristics of a virological test to ensure pandemic preparedness and to aid in the effective treatment of viral infections. Nanomaterials are a decisive element in developing COVID-19 diagnostic kits as well as a key contributor to enhance the performance of existing tests. Our objective is to develop a profile of the criteria that should be available in a platform as the target product. In this work, virus detection tests were evaluated from the perspective of the COVID-19 pandemic, and then we generalized the requirements to develop a target product profile for a platform for virus detection.

Diagnostik Klinis Infeksi SARS-CoV-2 dengan Metode Apusan

“…COVID-19 disebabkan oleh virus corona. SARS-CoV-2 adalah coronavirus yang relevan, dan COVID-19 adalah singkatan dari corona virus disease-19 (Alafeef & Pan, 2022). COVID-19 adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh SARS-CoV-2 yang pertama kali muncul di Wuhan, China, pada awal Desember 2019.…”

An ultrasensitive ELISA to assay femtomolar level SARS-CoV-2 antigen based on specific peptide and tyramine signal amplification

“…Frequent testing still plays a paramount role in curbing the virus spread [2] . Although real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based nucleic acid testing is the gold standard for COVID-19, it requires expensive instruments and professional operators [3] , [4] . SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the genus beta coronavirus and is mainly composed of four structural proteins: spike (S) protein (SP), nucleocapsid protein (NP), envelope protein and membrane protein [5] .…”

Binding-Induced Folding of DNA Oligonucleotides Targeted to the Nucleocapsid Gene Enables Electrochemical Sensing of SARS-CoV-2

“…The prolonged isolation many have experienced has additionally resulted in social strains and divisions. Due to the pervasive nature of COVID-19, efficient and reliable testing and subsequent diagnosis are urgently needed to alleviate its repercussions. − As a result of the limitations of the current gold standard methods, an accessible method that can be performed at home is especially needed.…”