Diagnosis, prevention, and management of canine hip dysplasia: a review

Abstract

Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a polygenic and multifactorial developmental disorder characterized by coxofemoral (hip) joint laxity, degeneration, and osteoarthritis (OA). Current diagnostic techniques are largely subjective measures of joint conformation performed at different stages of development. Recently, measures on three-dimensional images generated from computed tomography scans predicted the development of OA associated with CHD. Continued refinement of similar imaging methods may improve diagnostic imaging techniques to identify dogs predisposed to degenerative hip joint changes. By current consensus, joint changes consistent with CHD are influenced by genetic predisposition as well as environmental and biomechanical factors; however, despite decades of work, the relative contributions of each to the development and extent of CHD signs remain elusive. Similarly, despite considerable effort to decipher the genetic underpinnings of CHD for selective breeding programs, relevant genetic loci remain equivocal. As such, prevention of CHD within domestic canine populations is marginally successful. Conservative management is often employed to manage signs of CHD, with lifelong maintenance of body mass as one of the most promising methods. Surgical intervention is often employed to prevent joint changes or restore joint function, but there are no gold standards for either goal. To date, all CHD phenotypes are considered as a single entity in spite of recognized differences in expression and response to environmental conditions and treatment. Identification of distinct CHD phenotypes and targeting evidence-based conservative and invasive treatments for each may significantly advance prevention and management of a prevalent, debilitating condition in canine companions.

Use of Reticulated Hyaluronic Acid Alone or Associated With Ozone Gas in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis Due to Hip Dysplasia in Dogs

“…In both groups, the right and left hip joints of each dog had similar radiographic scores. Radiographic changes in hip dysplasia often do not correspond to clinical presentation, and approximately 25% of dogs may also have spinal lesions (2,7). Although there were no significant differences in lameness scores between groups, in the evaluation among moments in each group was observed improvement in lameness score after both treatments with intra-articular viscosupplementation.…”

“…After acclimatization and familiarization with the environment and pressure-sensitive walkway, each dog was guided to the right of the handler to walk (JISSJ) (velocity 0.9-1.1 m/s, acceleration −0.2-0.2 m/s 2 ) in a straight line over the pressuresensitive walkway 7 . The system was calibrated as specified by the manufacturer.…”

“…Adult dogs with hip joints already affected by osteoarthritis may receive surgical treatment (total hip replacement, hip denervation, or femoral head and neck excision) or non-surgical management (weight control, physiotherapy, environment changes, exercise restriction, medications, supplements, acupuncture, or regenerative medicine), being the choice determined by environmental factors and general healthy, dog's temperament, owner's financial conditions, and presence of comorbidities (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7).…”

“…ClearCanvas Workstation R ; Toronto, Canada 6. PVC Carci; Carci R , São Paulo, Brazil 7. Walkway High Resolution HRV4; Tekscan Inc. South Boston, MA, USA.…”

Comparison of radiographic and computed tomographic acetabular index in small-breed dogs: a preliminary study using Maltese and Shih Tzu

“…Therefore, the radiographic results from this study may show fewer measurement inaccuracies. In contrast, CT provides fewer limitations related to interfering factors due to the ability to construct 3D images and its better image acquisition qualities [ 7 17 ]. The scanning procedure for each dog during the CT examination in this study differed from those in previous reports [ 7 14 ].…”