Diagnosis of Rabies Infection

Webster, W. A.; Casey, G A

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1755-5_9

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…12 In many samples it was not possible to isolate the virus in cells because of bacterial contamination, especially when the materials were removed from animals that were found dead. In cases of positive isolation in cells, 96 hours of observation were enough, thus confi rming the data of Webster & Casey, 24 who established that four days was the ideal time period for isolating the rabies virus, especially from samples with low viral titers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…24 The small differences observed in the present study in relation to the time taken for mortality may have resulted from differences in viral load in the brain and salivary glands, presence of neutralizing antibodies in the tissue suspensions used as inocula, or high ambient temperature in the vivarium, which may have infl uenced the start of clinical signs, diminished the mortality and increased the frequency of abortive infection in the inoculated animals. 24 As shown in Table 4, the minimum time taken for mortality for the brain and salivary gland material from bats with different feeding habits was less than 21 days. The nine-day reduction in the daily observation of these animals may signify a saving in the expenditure on maintenance and on carrying out this test, in comparison with the conventional 30 days.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

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Vírus da raiva em quirópteros naturalmente infectados no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Scheffer¹,

Carrieri²,

Albas³

et al. 2007

Rev. Saúde Pública

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OBJECTIVE:To identify the species of bats involved in maintaining the rabies cycle; to investigate the distribution of the rabies virus in the tissues and organs of bats and the time taken for mortality among inoculated mice. METHODS:From April 2002 to November 2003, bats from municipalities in the State of São Paulo were screened for the presence of the rabies virus, by means of direct immunofl uorescence. The virus distribution in the bats was evaluated by inoculating mice and N2A cells with 20% suspensions prepared from fragments of different organs and tissues, plus the brain and salivary glands. The time taken for mortality among the mice was monitored daily, following intracerebral inoculation. RESULTS:Out of the 4,395 bats received, 1.9% were found positive for the rabies virus. They belonged to ten genera, with predominance of insectivores. The maximum mean times taken for mortality among the mice following inoculation with brain and salivary gland material were 15.33±2.08 days and 11.33±2.30 days for vampire bats, 16.45±4.48 days and 18.91±6.12 days for insectivorous bats, and 12.60±2.13 days and 15.67±4.82 days for frugivorous bats, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The species infected with the rabies virus were: Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus sp., Myotis nigricans, Myotis sp., Eptesicus sp., Lasiurus ega, Lasiurus cinereus, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Tadarida brasiliensis, Histiotus velatus, Molossus rufus, Eumops sp. and Desmodus rotundus. Virus investigation in the different tissues and organs showed that the brain and salivary glands were the most suitable sites for virus isolation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Vírus da raiva em quirópteros naturalmente infectados no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Scheffer¹,

Carrieri²,

Albas³

et al. 2007

Rev. Saúde Pública

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“…This was done to remove animals that might have been incubating rabies or were clinically rabid because vaccination would not work on those animals. Brain samples were removed and submitted for rabies testing (using a fluorescent antibody test) (Webster and Casey, 1988) at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, in Nepean, Ontario. Raccoon density was estimated using a catch/ unit effort model as noted in Krebs (1989).…”

Section: Tvr Programsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Control of Raccoon Rabies in Ontario Canada: Proactive and Reactive Tactics, 1994–2007

Rosatte

Donovan

Allan

et al. 2009

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Proactive and reactive tactics have been utilized in Ontario, Canada, to prevent raccoon rabies from becoming established. A total of 96,621 raccoons (Procyon lotor) and 7,967 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) were live captured using 1,221,044 trap nights, vaccinated against rabies by injection, and released, during proactive Trap-Vaccinate-Release (TVR) programs in southern Ontario during 1994-2007. During those years, on average, 43% to 83% of the raccoon populations were vaccinated against rabies. In addition, 20,129 raccoons and 2,735 skunks were vaccinated against rabies, and 8,311 raccoons and 1,449 skunks were euthanized, using 576,359 trap nights, during reactive Point Infection Control (PIC) operations in eastern Ontario during 1999-2005. A significant correlation was detected between trapping effort and the percentage of the raccoon population that was vaccinated. Between 1999 and 2007, 132 cases of raccoon variant rabies (130 raccoons, two striped skunks) were reported in eastern Ontario. The last case occurred on 23 September 2005 with Ontario being free of reported raccoon rabies to 10 November 2008, proving that TVR and PIC are effective tactics for the control of this disease.

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“…All rabid animal brain specimens used were selected from submissions made to the Rabies Unit of the Animal Diseases Research Institute NEPEAN for diagnosis over a 2 year period (January 1990 to January 1992) and had been diagnosed as rabies-positive by the immunofluorescent staining technique (Webster & Casey, 1988 Preparation of RNA. For the ERA strain, viral RNA was recovered from nucleocapsid material prepared according to Webster & Casey (1988). For street virus isolates, total tissue RNA was isolated from approximately 0-5 g of brain material.…”

Section: Sources Of Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Regional Variants of the Rabies Virus within the Canadian Province of Ontario

Nadin-Davis¹,

Casey²,

Wandeler³

1993

Journal of General Virology

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Although rabies outbreaks in most parts of the world tend to be host species-specific the rabies currently enzootic in the Canadian province of Ontario is hosted by two wildlife species, the red fox and the striped skunk. Previous studies employing monoclonal antibody panels failed to identify any host-specific differences in Ontario rabies virus street isolates, but certain observations suggested the existence of more than one viral strain in terrestrial mammals of this region. The extent of variation of the rabies virus circulating within this region has been re-examined using molecular biology techniques. The N gene of several independent isolates was amplified using PCR and the resulting products were compared by restriction enzyme analysis and, in some cases, by DNA sequencing. This analysis confirmed that there was indeed no host-specific variation in the portion of the viral genome under study but there were, however, very clear and consistent differences in the virus from distinct geographical regions.

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Diagnosis of Rabies Infection

Cited by 25 publications

References 71 publications

Vírus da raiva em quirópteros naturalmente infectados no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Vírus da raiva em quirópteros naturalmente infectados no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

The Control of Raccoon Rabies in Ontario Canada: Proactive and Reactive Tactics, 1994–2007

Identification of Regional Variants of the Rabies Virus within the Canadian Province of Ontario

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