Diagnosis of Enteric Disease in Small Ruminants

Metre, David C. Van; Tyler, Jeff W.; Stehman, Susan M.

doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30138-9

Cited by 32 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In the present investigation mortality of lambs was mainly due to scours and the microbiological findings implicated enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli (ETEC) in both groups. Scours caused by ETEC are principally involved in the occurrence of high mortality rates in small ruminants particularly during the first week of life (Radostits et al., 1999; Van Metre et al., 2000). In the present sheep farm, the administration of probiotic in dams did not have any effect on the survival of their lambs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis Supplementation of Ewe's Feed on Sheep Milk Production and Young Lamb Mortality

Kritas

Govaris²,

Christodoulopoulos³

et al. 2006

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A

102

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The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate under field conditions the effect of a probiotic containing Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis on young lamb mortality and sheep milk production when administered in the late pregnancy and lactation feed of ewes. In a sheep farm, two groups of milking ewes with identical genetic material, management, nutrition, health status and similar production characteristics were formed. One group (46 ewes) served as control, while the other one (48 ewes) served as a probiotic-treated group. Both groups of ewes received a similar feeding regiment, but the ewes of the second group were additionally offered a probiotic product containing B. licheniformis and B. subtilis (BioPlus 2B, Chr. Hansen, Denmark) at the approximate dose of 2.56 x 10(9) viable spores per ewe per day. Lamb mortality during the 1.5 months suckling period, and milk yield during the 2 months of milk collection for commercial purposes have been recorded. In the non-treated control group, 13.1% mortality was observed versus 7.8% in the probiotic-treated group (P = 0.33), with mortality being mainly due to diarrhoea. Microbiological examination of diarrhoeic faeces from some of the dead lambs in both groups revealed the presence of Escherichia coli. The average daily milk yield per ewe was significantly lower in the control group (0.80 l) than that in the probiotic-treated group (0.93 l) (P < 0.05). Fat and protein content of milk in ewes that received probiotics was significantly (P < 0.05) increased compared with untreated ewes. It was concluded that supplementing ewe's feed with probiotics may have beneficial effect on subsequent milk yields, fat and protein content.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis Supplementation of Ewe's Feed on Sheep Milk Production and Young Lamb Mortality

Kritas

Govaris²,

Christodoulopoulos³

et al. 2006

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A

102

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“…Feeding excessive amounts of non-structural carbohydrates and highly fermentable forages to ruminants are the common reasons to cause subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), and SARA is a common health and production problem in dairy herds in intensive management systems (Van Metre et al, 2000;Enemark et al, 2004;Plaizier et al, 2008;Klevenhusen et al, 2013). The consequences of SARA include depression of food intake, diarrhea, laminitis and inflammatory response due to increased production of bacterial endotoxin such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High concentrate-induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) increases plasma acute phase proteins (APPs) and cortisol in goats

Jia

Wang

et al. 2014

Animal

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The aim of this study was to investigate changes of stress status in dairy goats induced to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). The level of acute phase proteins (APPs) including haptoglobin (HP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) in plasma and their mRNA expression in liver, as well as plasma cortisol and genes expression of key factors controlling cortisol synthesis in adrenal cortex were compared between SARA and control goats. SARA was induced by feeding high concentrate diet (60% concentrate of dry matter) for 3 weeks (SARA, n = 6), while control goats (Con, n = 6) received a low concentrate diet (40% concentrate of dry matter) during the experimental time. SARA goats showed ruminal pH below 5.8 for more than 3 h per day, which was significantly lower than control goats (pH > 6.0). SARA goats demonstrated a significant increase of hepatic HP and SAA mRNA expression ( P < 0.05), and the level of HP but not SAA in plasma was markedly increased compared with control ( P < 0.05). The level of cortisol in plasma showed a trend to increase in SARA goats (0.05 < P < 0.1). In adrenal cortex, mRNA expression of 17α-hydroxylase cytochrome (P450 17α ) ( P < 0.01) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) ( P < 0.05) was significantly increased in SARA goats. The contents of 3β-HSD and P450 side-chain cleavage protein were increased by 58.6% and 39.4%, respectively, but did not reach the statistical significance ( P > 0.05). These results suggested that SARA goats experienced a certain stress status, exhibiting an increase in HP production and cortisol secretion.

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“…perfringens não é abundante, mas normalmente habita a flora digestiva de ruminantes saudáveis (Willis 1969, Niilo 1980, Van Metre et al 2000. Sabe-se, também que animais não vacinados toleram níveis baixos de toxina épsilon sem que ocorra quadro clínico (Bullen 1970, Uzal et al 2002, portanto, o diagnóstico de casos suspeitos de enterotoxemia, deve estar baseado nos achados epidemiológicos, clínicos, patológicos, microbiológicos e caracterização de toxinas específicas (Uzal et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…C. perfringens tipos B e D produzem uma protoxina que é ativada pela tripsina digestiva ou por toxinas secundárias de C. perfringens (Minami et al 1997) formando a toxina épsilon associada com lesão no endotélio vascular (McDonel 1980). C. perfringens tipo D é a causa mais comum da enterotoxemia em ovinos e caprinos (McDonel 1980, Odendaal 1994, Uzal & Kelly 1996, Van Metre et al 2000. Fatores que alteram o ambiente intestinal, como níveis de elevados de carboidratos, dietas ricas em proteína e pastagens luxuriantes, podem permitir abundante crescimento de C. perfringens e produção de toxinas (Kriek et al 1994, Smith & Sherman 1994.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Enterotoxemia em caprinos no Rio Grande do Sul

et al. 2003

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Pesq. Vet. Bras. 23(4):173-178, out./dez. 2003 173 SINOPSE.-São descritos surtos de enterotoxemia em caprinos em cinco propriedades no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os animais afetados eram, normalmente, encontrados mortos ou apresentavam evolução aguda de 2 a 3 horas com acentuada depressão, cólicas abdominais e diarréia profusa com fibrina. Em duas propriedades relataram-se casos com a evolução de até 12 horas. Em treze animais necropsiados observaram-se aumento de líquidos nas cavidades abdominal, torácica e pericárdica, congestão e hiperemia da serosa e mucosa do intestino, conteúdo do cólon líquido com fibrina além de hemorragias de serosa e fibrina. Em um animal constatou-se microangiopatia cerebral caracterizada por acúmulo de material homogêneo e eosinofílico no espaço perivascular. No conteúdo intestinal, colônias com bastonetes morfológica e bioquimicamente sugestivos de Clostridium perfringens foram caracterizadas no estudo bacteriológico. A soroneutralização em camundongos com conteúdo intestinal dos animais afetados, revelou a presença da toxina épsilon. Estes achados evidenciam a enterotoxemia como doença de importância para criação de caprinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Five outbreaks of caprine enterotoxaemia in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were studied. The animals were found dead or had a clinical course that usually lasted 2-3 hours. From two farms a clinical manifestation period of 12 hours was reported. Clinical signs were characterized by depression, marked abdominal discomfort, profuse watery diarrhea with fibrin clots, and death. Thirteen necropsies were performed and hydropericardium, hydrothorax and hydroperitoneum were commonly found. The mucosa and serosa of the colon were congested, and its contents was watery with multiple fibrin clots. Serosal hemorrhages and fibrin clots in the gallbladder were also seen. Fibrinous colitis and thyphilitis were the most frequent histological changes. Cerebral microangiopathy was observed in one case, which was characterized by acute perivascular proteinaceous edema around arterioles of the nucleus caudatus and thalamus. Large numbers of Gram-positive rods, often in clumps and with morphology consistent with Clostridium perfringens, were seen in intestinal smears. The intestinal contents of six goats were positive for epsilon toxin by mouse neutralization test. These findings suggest that enterotoxaemia is an important disease of goat flocks in southern Brazil.INDEX TERMS: Goat enterotoxaemia, Clostridium perfringens, epsilon toxin.

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Diagnosis of Enteric Disease in Small Ruminants

Cited by 32 publications

References 48 publications

Effect of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis Supplementation of Ewe's Feed on Sheep Milk Production and Young Lamb Mortality

Effect of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis Supplementation of Ewe's Feed on Sheep Milk Production and Young Lamb Mortality

High concentrate-induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) increases plasma acute phase proteins (APPs) and cortisol in goats

Enterotoxemia em caprinos no Rio Grande do Sul

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