Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease Based on the Modified Tresnet

Abstract

In the medical field, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as a neurodegenerative brain disease which is very difficult to diagnose, can cause cognitive impairment and memory decline. Many existing works include a variety of clinical neurological and psychological examinations, especially computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) methods based on electroencephalographic (EEG) recording or MRI images by using machine learning (ML) combined with different preprocessing steps such as hippocampus shape analysis, fusion of embedded features, and so on, where EEG dataset used for AD diagnosis is usually is large and complex, requiring extraction of a series of features like entropy features, spectral feature, etc., and it has seldom been applied in the AD detection based on deep learning (DL), while MRI images were suitable for both ML and DL. In terms of the structural MRI brain images, few differences could be found in brain atrophy among the three situations: AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Normal Control (NC). On the other hand, DL methods have been used to diagnose AD incorporating MRI images in recent years, but there have not yet been many selective models with very deep layers. In this article, the Gray Matter (GM) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is automatically extracted, which could better distinguish among the three types of situations like AD, MCI, and NC, compared with Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) and White Matter (WM). Firstly, FMRIB Software Library (FSL) software is utilized for batch processing to remove the skull, cerebellum and register the heterogeneous images, and the SPM + cat12 tool kits in MATLAB is used to segment MRI images for obtaining the standard GM MRI images. Next, the GM MRI images are trained by some new neural networks. The characteristics of the training process are as follows: (1) The Tresnet, as the network that achieves the best classification effect among several new networks in the experiment, is selected as the basic network. (2) A multi-receptive-field mechanism is integrated into the network, which is inspired by neurons that can dynamically adjust the receptive fields according to different stimuli. (3) The whole network is realized by adding multiple channels to the convolutional layer, and the size of the convolution kernel of each channel can be dynamically adjusted. (4) Transfer learning method is used to train the model for speeding up the learning and optimizing the learning efficiency. Finally, we achieve the accuracies of 86.9% for AD vs. NC, 63.2% for AD vs. MCI vs. NC respectively, which outperform the previous approaches. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

Xception-Fractalnet: Hybrid Deep Learning Based Multi-Class Classification of Alzheimer’s Disease

“…Xu et al [29] modified the CNN architecture with the inception blocks to perform the classification task. These inception blocks were used to extract the deep features from the segmented grey matter slices.…”