Diagnosis, management and prognosis for haemoperitoneum in the horse

Hawkins, Jan F.

doi:10.1111/eve.12573

Cited by 5 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, to our knowledge, haemoperitoneum caused by testicular trauma in a stallion has not previously been reported. Laboratory analysis of peritoneal fluid showing a nucleated cellular account >2500 cells/μL and differentiation close to white cell populations in the circulation, as in our case with 131.000 cell/μL, is consistent with a haemoperitoneum (Hawkins 2016).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Macroscopic changes in the coloration of peritoneal fluid post‐orchiectomy have been previously described; according to the authors, discoloration may persist for days following surgery (Schumacher et al . 1988; Hawkins 2016). However, to our knowledge, haemoperitoneum caused by testicular trauma in a stallion has not previously been reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1988; Holmes et al . 2013; Hawkins 2016). To the authors’ knowledge, there have been no descriptions of haemoperitoneum resulting from blunt testicular trauma in horses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Haemoperitoneum secondary to testicular rupture caused by blunt trauma in a stallion

Bonacin

Sousa

Canola

et al. 2019

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary Testicular trauma is a commonly reported consequence of injury to the scrotum in humans and horses. In the majority of cases in stallions, injury is caused by a kick from a mare during mating. This case report describes a traumatically induced unilateral testicular rupture in a stallion associated with haemoperitoneum and acute, severe signs of abdominal discomfort. Initially, testicular ultrasound and clinical examinations were inconclusive and the clinical signs led to a diagnosis of an inflammatory abdominal disorder, possibly caused by inguinoscrotal herniation. The patient underwent exploratory celiotomy with unilateral orchiectomy at which time no involvement of the gastrointestinal tract was noted (aside from the presence of haemoperitoneum) and the testicular trauma was discovered. As this case demonstrates, testicular trauma should be considered as a differential diagnosis for inguinoscrotal herniation in stallions with clinical signs of discomfort even when there is no history of recent mating. Detailed clinical examination should be performed to establish a diagnosis but may not be conclusive.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Haemoperitoneum secondary to testicular rupture caused by blunt trauma in a stallion

Bonacin

Sousa

Canola

et al. 2019

Equine Veterinary Education

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“…5,22 Minimum RBC counts for the diagnosis of haemoperitoneum in the horse are reported at between 1-2 × 10 12 /L. 23,24 Our data suggest that peritoneal RBC counts may be much greater in cases of uncomplicated PPH (6.4 × 10 12 /L, IQR 4.8-8.2 × 10 12 /L). Peritoneal PCV was greater in cases of PPH than other categories and greater confidence in the diagnosis was obtained the higher the recorded peritoneal PCV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Peritoneal fluid analysis in equine post‐partum emergencies admitted to a referral hospital: A retrospective study of 110 cases

Offer

Russell²,

Carrick³

et al. 2022

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Background: Peritoneal fluid analysis has both diagnostic and prognostic value in colic but is little reported in the post-partum mare. Multiple conditions may present similarly in this period, and peritoneal fluid findings may aid a prompt diagnosis. Objectives:To describe the peritoneal fluid findings and their association with diagnosis in mares presenting to a single referral hospital for treatment of post-partum emergencies. Study design:A retrospective clinical study.Methods: Clinical records of 110 Thoroughbred mares were reviewed. Details of peritoneal fluid analysis from samples obtained at admission were recorded, in addition to history, physical examination, presenting clinicopathological data. Cases were classified by their primary diagnosis into groups of gastrointestinal tract (GIT), urogenital trauma (UGT) and post parturient haemorrhage (PPH). Univariable analysis was performed to compare findings between groups, using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey/Kruskal-Wallis, as appropriate. A multinomial logistic regression was performed for variables significant in the univariable analysis.Results: When separated into their diagnostic categories, 33/110 (30%) mares were classified as GIT, 55/110 (50%) UGT and 22/110 (20%) PPH. Peritoneal fluid packed cell volume (PCV), nucleated cell count (WBCC) and cytological findings were significantly different between diagnostic categories. The likelihood of diagnosis of PPH increased with an increase in peritoneal fluid PCV, the absence of degenerate neutrophils on peritoneal fluid cytology and a decrease in the peritoneal fluid WBCC. Overall survival to discharge was 55%. Main limitations:The study is referral hospital-based and retrospective in nature.Missing data reduced the power of analysis for several variables. Conclusions:Peritoneal fluid analysis may guide diagnosis in post-partum emergencies, but no one factor is uniformly diagnostic. Mares with PPH presented with a nonseptic peritonitis with higher peritoneal PCV.

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“…Haemoperitoneum is an uncommon cause of anaemia by blood loss, and it is a potentially life-threatening condition for horses (Conwell et al 2010). There are many causes of haemoperitoneum, such as splenic injury, rupture of neoplasia, postsurgical haemorrhage, coagulopathy, and bleeding from the reproductive tract with idiopathic origin (Green et al 1988, Gatewood et al 1990, Pusterla et al 2005, Hawkins 2016). The major clinical signs are abdominal discomfort, dullness, anaemia and depression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatic haematoma rupture in a Warmblood: a rare complication of hepatic AA amyloidosis

Diekstall¹,

Veh²,

Rijkenhuizen³

2019

PHK

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120Hepatic haematoma rupture in a Warmblood: a rare complication of hepatic AA amyloidosis M. Diekstall et al. Summary:A 15-year-old Warmblood gelding was referred to the clinic because of abdominal discomfort. One year before clinical evaluation, the horse presented with a mass in the back muscles that had first appeared 3 years prior. The mass, located in the caudal saddle position, was of an unknown cause and did not disturb the horse in any way. A calcification was recognized radiologically; however, treatment was not pursued because of high risk of poor wound healing and infection in this area. On the day of referral the horse was presenting signs of colic as a result of a haemoperitoneum following a ruptured haematoma in the liver, which was diagnosed by laparoscopy in the standing position. The horse was euthanized because of persistent, extensive haemorrhage from the unstoppable bleeding of the liver. At necropsy liver amyloidosis with subcapsular and intrahepatic haematoma was diagnosed. The calcified mass in the horse's back muscle was considered to be an old infected wound that could be the trigger for Amyloid-A (AA) amyloidosis. To the author's knowledge, this condition has not yet been described in horses. Citation: Diekstall M., Veh J., Rijkenhuizen A. B. M. (2019) Hepatic haematoma rupture in a Warmblood: a rare complication of hepatic AA amyloidosis. Pferdeheilkunde 35, 120-125;

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Diagnosis, management and prognosis for haemoperitoneum in the horse

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Haemoperitoneum secondary to testicular rupture caused by blunt trauma in a stallion

Haemoperitoneum secondary to testicular rupture caused by blunt trauma in a stallion

Peritoneal fluid analysis in equine post‐partum emergencies admitted to a referral hospital: A retrospective study of 110 cases

Hepatic haematoma rupture in a Warmblood: a rare complication of hepatic AA amyloidosis

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