Diagnosis Codes for Human Trafficking Can Help Assess Incidence, Risk Factors, and Comorbid Illness and Injury

Macias‐Konstantopoulos, Wendy

doi:10.1001/amajethics.2018.1143

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The most common code utilized in the ED was Y07.6, "multiple perpetrators of maltreatment and neglect" (33.8%), while the most common code utilized among hospital encounters was Z62.813, "personal history of forced labor or sexual exploitation in childhood" (21.2%; Table 1). Ninety percent (n = 264) of included children were female (90.1%), with a median age of 15 years [IQR [13][14][15][16]. The majority (n = 112) identified as Non-Hispanic Black, with Non-Hispanic White identification as the second most common (n = 83).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The United States is the only country thus far to adopt diagnosis codes for human trafficking. From the creation of these codes, valuable data can now be collected to determine prevalence, define characteristics, and create strategies to aid children afflicted by human trafficking (10,13). The objective of this study was to use a large, multicenter database of U.S. pediatric hospitalizations to describe the utilization of the newly adopted ICD-10-CM codes related to child human trafficking, and the demographic and clinical characteristics of these children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Trafficking ICD-10 Code Utilization in Pediatric Tertiary Care Centers Within the United States

et al. 2022

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BackgroundHuman trafficking is a global public health issue that affects pediatric patients widely. The International Labor Organization estimates children comprise approximately 25% of the identified trafficked persons globally, with domestic estimates including over 2000 children a year. Trafficked children experience a broad range of health consequences leading to interface with healthcare systems during their exploitation. In June 2018, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) released diagnostic codes for human trafficking.ObjectiveTo use a large, multicenter database of US pediatric hospitalizations to describe the utilization of the ICD-10-CM codes related to child trafficking, as well as the demographic and clinical characteristics of these children.MethodsThis study was descriptive in nature. Encounters using data from the Pediatric Health Information System database (PHIS) with ICD-10-CM codes indicating trafficking from June 1, 2018 to March 1st, 2020 were included in the study cohort, with data collection continuing for 30 days after first hospital encounter, until March 31st, 2020. Patients 19 years old and younger were included. Condition-specific prevalence as well as demographic and clinical characteristics for patient encounters were analyzed. Study subjects were followed for 30 days after first hospital encounter to describe healthcare utilization patterns.ResultsDuring the study period, 0.005% (n = 293) of patient encounters in the PHIS database were identified as trafficked children. The children of our cohort were mostly female (90%), non-Hispanic Black (38%), and had public insurance (59%). Nearly two-thirds of patients (n = 190) had a documented mental health disorder at the initial encounter, with 32.1% classified as the principal diagnosis. Our cohort had a 30-day hospital inpatient, overnight observation, or emergency department readmission rate of 16% (n = 48).DiscussionOur study demonstrates a low utilization of human trafficking ICD-10-CM codes in academic children's health centers, with code usage predominantly assigned to Non-Hispanic Black teenage girls. As comparison, in 2019 the National Human Trafficking Hotline identified 2,582 trafficked US children in a single year. These results suggest widespread under-recognition of child trafficking in health care settings, including the intensive care unit, in addition to racial and socioeconomic disparities amongst trafficked children.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Trafficking ICD-10 Code Utilization in Pediatric Tertiary Care Centers Within the United States

et al. 2022

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“…A robust system of data collected through epidemiologic surveillance would contribute to the ability to track changes in patterns of trafficking over time and to assess the effectiveness of anti-trafficking interventions. The recent adoption of ICD-10 codes in the United States for recording cases of trafficking and forced labor represents a comprehensive classification system that lends itself to epidemiological surveillance and population health data analysis (Macias- Konstantopoulos, 2018).…”

Section: Surveillance Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Epidemiological Perspective on Labor Trafficking

Gallo¹,

Konrad

Thinyane³

2020

Journal of Human Trafficking

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Ending all forms of labor trafficking by 2030 has been prioritized within the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (Target 8.7), yet progress in combatting trafficking has been limited. Human trafficking is recognized as a global public health concern because of its widespread negative impacts on individual and population level health. This has led researchers, policymakers, and NGOs to frequently claim that trafficking has reached "epidemic proportions". If such is the case, then using tools from public health and epidemiology can help to generate novel insights in the way we conceptualize, research, and address the problem of trafficking. Using a methodological framework known as the Epidemiologic Problem Oriented Approach (EPOA), we analyze the various components of labor trafficking identification and response, drawing contextualized comparisons with infectious disease epidemiology to characterize labor trafficking as a "disease". This crossdisciplinary approach provides a well-defined conceptual organization of the components that play a role in understanding trafficking dynamics. Epidemiology is highly relevant in the study of trafficking and contributes to the growing research interest surrounding the intersection of public health and human trafficking. KEYWORDS Labor trafficking; public health; epidemiology There are no jobs in Sein's hometown in Myanmar, so he made the hard decision to look for work in Thailand. Sein has been working as a fisherman now for five years. Though the hours are long, and the conditions are harsh, he doesn't mind as he is able to provide for his family. Compared to his previous boss Ohnmar, Cho is a saint, and doesn't take it out on the fishers when the nets don't come up full. Ohnmar was brutal-on one trip the nets kept coming up empty and the crew had to stay out at sea a further 3 days than what they had planned. He didn't let them rest until the hold was full, and because the extended trip was unplanned, they ran out of drinking water. When they returned to port, Ohnmar refused to give extra time off in lieu of the extended time at sea, and only gave Sein a fraction of the salary that he had been promised. Ohnmar had said that this would teach the fishers for not working hard enough. If the fishers complained, Ohnmar would think of another punishment for disrespecting himoften keeping them onboard the boat while it was in port. Sein had often considered leaving, but needed the money that Ohnmar owed him. Ohnmar hadn't always been like this-they had grown up in the same village, and Ohnmar had been the one who initially told Sein about his work in Thailand. Three years after Sein joined him on the boat, Ohnmar had been promoted to the position of Chiu-the right-hand man of the captain. It seemed like Ohnmar wanted to prove he was right for the job and deserving of the increased authority (and pay) that the promotion included. Cho was different. He pushed Sein and the crew to work very long hours, but always recorded their days at sea accurately. They often ran trips ...

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“…documenting child and partner abuse failed to capture the exploitative nature of human trafficking, and hence, the varied and extensive degree of psychological, emotional, physical, and sexual trauma that trafficked persons' experience Macias-Konstantopoulos (2018). argued that although child sex trafficking is a form of abuse, and commercial exploitation also falls along the continuum of abuse and violence, the abuse component combined with the commercial exploitation that is involved in human trafficking places trafficking into a category of its own.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…argued that although child sex trafficking is a form of abuse, and commercial exploitation also falls along the continuum of abuse and violence, the abuse component combined with the commercial exploitation that is involved in human trafficking places trafficking into a category of its own. Macias-Konstantopoulos (2018) explained that trafficking entails stripping individuals of their autonomy and inherent human rights and can lead to severe psychological trauma as seen in torture survivors Macias-Konstantopoulos (2018). emphasized that the extensive needs of the trafficked patient population due to the profound health sequelae for survivors and the experience of trafficking warrants a code structure of its own for a more vigorous data collection on both labor and sexual exploitation.DiscussionAnalysis Although Stoklosa, Dawson, Williams-Oni, & Rothman (2017) is an evidence-based study, its proposal appears to be contradictory in nature with a different study conducted by Stoklosa and three other authors.…”

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confidence: 99%