Diagnosis and prevention of rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease 2

Rocchi, Mara; Dagleish, Mark P.

doi:10.1136/inp.k54

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…This finding is of interest for two reasons. Firstly, because according to our observations, serosanguinous nasal discharge is not a pathognomonic sign of RHD caused by GI.2; we coincide with [50]. Evidently, the most serious fact is that rabbit producers rule out the presence of RHD when serosanguinous nasal discharge is not observed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…In relation to RHD diagnosis, we did not score the clinical events in all of the affected rabbits, which would be more recommendable when examining smaller colonies [50]. From mid-2011 onwards we paid special attention to serosanguinous nasal discharge, which Liu et al [51], described as typical of RHD caused by the classic virus (RHDV GI.1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another possibility was the presence of the viruses within the area around the farm; e.g., due to the existence of carrier micromammals [70]. The possibility of asymptomatic infections with carriers [71] and excreters existing for 2 months after vaccination is of great interest in the control of RHDV GI.2 [50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Myxomatosis and Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease: A 30-Year Study of the Occurrence on Commercial Farms in Spain

Rosell¹,

Fuente

Parra

et al. 2019

Animals

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Simple SummaryMyxomatosis has affected the European domestic rabbit in Spain since the end of 1953; and rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) since mid-1988. In this study, we describe the occurrence of myxomatosis; and RHD; on commercial rabbitries visited in Spain; between 1988 and 2018. Annual occurrence of myxomatosis decreased over 30 years. Cases of myxomatosis were detected most frequently between August and March; more cases occurring in September and fewer in June. Two important RHD epidemics occurred; the first in 1988–1989 due to classic RHD virus (RHDV), and the second from 2011 to 2013 due to new calicivirus (RHDVb/RHDV2). Monthly occurrence of RHD in 2011–2018 was higher from April to August. Despite seasonal variations of these diseases; we recommend that young breeders and adults should be protected by vaccination all year round; and on-farm hygiene measures implementedAbstractIn this retrospective study, we describe the relative occurrence of clinical myxomatosis, and rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD), on 1714 commercial farms visited in Spain, between 1988 and 2018. We determined the annual prevalence based on 817 visits to 394 farms affected by myxomatosis. Myxomatosis was more prevalent from August to March, being lowest in June (3%) and highest in September (8.9%). With regard to RHD, we assessed 253 visits to 156 affected farms. We analyzed mean annual and monthly incidence. Two important RHD epidemics occurred; the first in 1988–1989 due to RHDV GI.1 (also known as RHDV), and the second from 2011 to 2013 due to RHDV GI.2 (RHDV2 or RHDVb). These epidemics occurred at times when effective vaccination had not been carried out. Relative monthly incidence in 2011–2018 was higher from April to August (p < 0.001). The results we obtained from 1404 necropsies on 102 farms did not clearly relate serosanguinous nasal discharge in rabbits with disease caused by GI.2 infection. We also assessed vaccination schedules used on 200 doe farms visited from the end of 2014 to 2018; 95.5% vaccinated against myxomatosis and 97.5% against RHD. Both diseases remain prevalent; however, effective vaccination has produced a steady decline in myxomatosis and RHDV GI.1 and GI.2 on-farm detection. The maintenance of high hygienic standards will be needed to continue and improve this control. However, further studies are required to investigate the causes of sustained virus presence and vaccine breaks.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Myxomatosis and Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease: A 30-Year Study of the Occurrence on Commercial Farms in Spain

Rosell¹,

Fuente

Parra

et al. 2019

Animals

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“…Although histopathology is often diagnostic for RHD, it does not always feature highly in recommended diagnostic procedures for RHD. More emphasis is placed on PCR testing (Rocchi & Dagleish 2018), which is regrettable as histopathology can yield valuable information about other causes of death and concurrent disease (Table 3). For example, sepsis is a major differential diagnosis for RHD because death is sudden and often accompanied by hepatic necrosis and DIC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Post mortem examination and histopathology play a major role in the diagnosis of RHD (Marcato et al 1991, Chasey 1997, Abrantes et al 2012, Kerr & Donnelly 2013, Barthold et al 2016, Soliman et al 2016, Rocchi & Dagleish 2018, OIE 2019b and, indeed, histopathological changes have been described as pathognomonic (Fuchs & Weissenböck 1992, Neimanis 2018. Described macroscopic changes include an enlarged, pale or congested liver with a distinct lobular pattern and an enlarged spleen that is often dark and engorged.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RHDV2 epidemic in UK pet rabbits. Part 1: clinical features, gross post mortem and histopathological findings

Harcourt‐Brown

Silkstone

Whitbread

et al. 2020

J of Small Animal Practice

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To report clinical features, gross post mortem and histopathological findings from an investigation into sudden or unexpected death in rabbits that was undertaken during an outbreak of rabbit haemorrhagic disease. Materials and MethOds: Using a standard protocol, veterinarians were invited to submit case histories and results of their post mortem examination of pet rabbits that died unexpectedly. Histopathological examination of heart, lungs, liver, spleen and kidney samples was collated with macroscopic appearance and clinical details. results: Hepatocellular necrosis, characteristic of rabbit haemorrhagic disease, was observed in 185 of 300 (62%) submissions, often accompanied by glomerular thrombosis and changes in other organs. Evidence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease was not apparent on histopathology in 113 of 300 (38%) rabbits. Gross post mortem examination by veterinary practitioners did not always reflect reported histopathological changes. No macroscopic abnormalities were seen in 78/185 (42%) of rabbit haemorrhagic disease cases. Rapid death and death of other rabbits in the household were common features of rabbit haemorrhagic disease. Ante mortem clinical signs included anorexia, collapse, lethargy, seizures, icterus, bleeding from the mouth, dyspnoea, hypothermia, pyrexia, bradycardia or poor blood clotting. clinical iMpOrtance: Rabbit haemorrhagic disease can be suspected from a history of sudden death, especially if multiple rabbits are affected. There is not always macroscopic evidence of the disease but histopathology is useful to support or refute a diagnosis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease and provide information about other causes of death. (RHDV) is a calicivirus of the genus Lagovirus that targets hepatocytes and cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, such as Kupffer cells, circulating monocytes, alveolar macrophages and endothelial cells (Ramiro-Ibáñez et al. 1999, Neimanis et al.

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