Diagnosing x-ray power and energy of tungsten wire array z-pinch with a flat spectral response x-ray diode

Abstract

Fast z-pinch is a very efficient way of converting electromagnetic energy to radiation. With an 8-10 MA current on primary test stand facility, about 1 MJ electromagnetic energy is delivered to vacuum chamber, which heats z-pinch plasma to radiate soft x-ray. To develop a pulsed high power x-ray source, we studied the applicability of diagnosing x-ray power from tungsten wire array z-pinch with a flat spectral response x-ray diode (FSR-XRD). The detector was originally developed to diagnose radiation of a hohlraum in SG-III prototype laser facility. It utilized a gold cathode XRD and a specially configured compound gold filter to yield a nearly flat spectral response in photon energy range of 0.1-4 keV. In practice, it was critical to avoid surface contamination of gold cathode. It is illustrated that an exposure of an XRD to multiple shots caused a significant change of response. Thus, in diagnosing x-ray power and energy, we used each XRD in only one shot after calibration. In a shot serial, output of FSR-XRD was compared with output of a nickel bolometer. In these shots, the outputs agreed with each other within their uncertainties which were about 12% for FSR-XRD and about 15% for bolometer. Moreover, the ratios between the FSR-XRD and the bolometer among different shots were explored. In 8 shots, the standard deviation of the ratio was 6%. It is comparable to XRD response change of 7%.

Enhancing Initial Surface Adsorption for Doped Lead‐Free Copper(I) Halide Microcrystals Through a Moderate Lewis Base Ligand

“…With the increasing amount of MSA, the PLQY values exhibit an increase first and then a decrease, with the highest value at 59.3% for Cs 3 Cu 2 I 5 -Mn-4 MCs (Figure 3a), which may be attributed to a possible trade-off between the blue emission of Cs 3 Cu 2 I 5 and the yellow emission of Mn 2+ . Compared with the previously reported Mn 2+ -doped Cs 3 Cu 2 I 5 MC or NCs, [23,26,29,38,49] the as-prepared sample shows a higher PLQY than most of them (Table S2, Supporting Information). More importantly, this one-pot solution method reported by us requires a shorter reaction time, lower temperature, as well as common atmospheric conditions.…”

“…The peaks at 642.2 and 651.9 eV in Mn 2p spectra of the Cu 3 Cu 2 I 5 -Mn-4 sample are designated as 2p 3/2 and 2p 1/2 electronic states of Mn 2+ (Figure 1c), confirming the existence of Mn 2+ . [38] The XPS peaks of Cu 2p shift toward lower binding energies after doping of Mn 2+ (Figure S9, Supporting Information). The Cs 3d and I 3d spectra have no obvious variations (Figure S10-S11, Supporting Information).…”

Comparisons of total energy and peak power diagnostics for low-radiation-temperature soft x-ray source at an 8-MA facility

“…The abrupt rising of spectral response curve in 280-300 eV corresponds to the absorption edge of carbon [14]. Recalibraion of spectral response of XRD 3 months later after several shots by Wang et al [17] shows deeper a valley near 0.28 keV which was possibly due to oil contamination in vacuum environment or contamination or dusts and debris from z-pinches.…”