Diabetes-related emotional distress in Dutch and U.S. diabetic patients: cross-cultural validity of the problem areas in diabetes scale.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE -To examine the cross-cultural validity of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) in Dutch and U.S. diabetic patients.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -A total of 1,472 Dutch people with diabetes completed the PAID along with other self-report measures of affect. Statistics covered Cronbach' s ␣, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Pearson' s product-moment correlation, and t tests. Psychometric properties of PAID were compared for Dutch and U.S. diabetic patients.RESULTS -Internal consistency of the Dutch PAID was high and stable across sex and type of diabetes. Test-retest reliability was high. Principal component analyses confirmed 1 general 20-item factor, whereas EFA identified 4 new subdimensions: negative emotions, treatment problems, food-related problems, and lack of social support. These dimensions were confirmed with CFA and were replicated in the U.S. sample. The PAID and its subscales demonstrated moderate to high associations in the expected direction with other measures of affect. Dutch and U.S. subjects reported having the same problem areas, with U.S. patients reporting higher emotional distress levels both in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.CONCLUSIONS -The Dutch and U.S. 20-item PAID appeared to be psychometrically equivalent, which allowed for cross-cultural comparisons.

Validation of the Spanish version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID-SP) Scale

“…Confirmatory factor analysis supported a four-factor structure similar to that found with Dutch and US samples [6]. The internal consistency for the full scale and the four factors was adequate.…”

“…The PAID-SP was developed from the Hispanic version [7] with minor changes in the wording of Page 4 of 11 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t some items. Although the exploratory factor analysis of the original version suggested one general 20-item factor [14] some of the following studies have proposed alternative factor structures based on two, three or four factors [6,8,10].…”

“…Despite its proven utility in different cultural settings [6][7][8][9][10][11], studies aim to test the validity of the scale for Spanish speaking patients from Spain (PAID-SP) are lacking. The aim of the present study is to develop the PAID-SP Scale and to examine its psychometric properties.…”

Low-carbohydrate and high-fat intake among adult patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…The average depression score from the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (mean ± SD, 10.6 ± 11.4) indicated mild depressive symptoms in most participants. The average PAID score, the measurement of psychosocial stress resulting from diabetes, was 26.31 (SD, 19.48), comparable to scores from a large U.S. sample of individuals with T2DM [27].…”

Short-form measures of diabetes-related emotional distress: the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID)-5 and PAID-1

“…The PAID has four factors or dimensions measuring diabetes-related emotional problems (12 questions), treatment-related problems (three questions), food-related problems (three questions), and social support-related problems (two questions). The PAID has been translated into various languages, is widely employed to monitor change following an intervention and its psychometric properties have been established [6,7]. However, while clinically useful, wider use of the PAID may be limited by its length.…”