Diabetes Mellitus: Insights from Epidemiology, Biochemistry, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Complications and Comprehensive Management

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus has become a serious and chronic metabolic disorder that results from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors, principally characterized by hyperglycemia, polyuria, and polyphagia. Uncontrolled high blood sugar can result in a host of diabetic complications. Prolonged diabetes leads to serious complications some of which are life-threatening. The prevalence of diabetes patients is rising at epidemic proportions throughout the world. Every year, a major portion of the annual health budget is spent on diabetes and related illnesses. Multiple risk factors are involved in the etiopathogenesis of the disease and turning the disease into an epidemic. Diabetes, for which there is no cure, apparently can be kept under control by maintaining self-care in daily living, effective diabetes education, with comprehensive improvements in knowledge, attitudes, skills, and management. In this review, we focused on the biochemical aspects of diabetes, risk factors including both environmental and genetic, disease complications, diagnosis, management, and currently available medications for the treatment of diabetes.

Biochemical study of lipoprotein lipase enzyme and apo-lipoprotein-C2 in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…The level of Apo-C2 in patients' group was significantly increase when compared with the control group (P= 0.022) as shown in Table 3. The main role of Apo-C2 secreted by the liver into the plasma was to enhance TG hydrolysis of VLDL and CM for energy delivery or storage, Plasma levels of Apo-C2 were approximately 4.5 µmol/L (40 mg/L) in normolipidemic individuals but can be considerably higher when there was an accumulation of TRL in plasma (Alam et al, 2021). In normolipidemic, Apo-C2 was observed to be for the most part distributed in the HDL, whereas in hypertriglyceridemia, mostly distributed in the LDL and VLDL (Béliard et al, 2009).…”

Survival Analysis on Time-To-Recovery of Diabetic Patients at Minlik Referral Hospital, Ethiopia: Retrospective Cohort Study

“…Diabetic mellitus: primarily characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia), polydipsia, and polyphagia (Alam et al, 2021).…”

Tirzepatide, a New Era of Dual-Targeted Treatment for Diabetes and Obesity: A Mini-Review

“…The rise in the number of T2D cases over a period of 34 years (1980-2014) was four-fold [8], with a 5% increase in premature mortality from T2D from 2000 to 2016. Due to 1.5 million estimated deaths being directly caused by T2D, it was termed the ninth-biggest mode of mortality in 2019 [9]. A whopping 537 million adults across the globe were suffering from T2D in the year 2021, and this number is estimated to rise to 783 million by the year 2045 (with a surge of 12.2%) [10].…”