Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Diseases: Nutraceutical Interventions Related to Caloric Restriction

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are closely associated and represent a key public health problem worldwide. An excess of adipose tissue, NAFLD, and gut dysbiosis establish a vicious circle that leads to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Caloric restriction (CR) is the most promising nutritional approach capable of improving cardiometabolic health. However, adherence to CR represents a barrier to patients and is the primary cause of therapeutic failure. To overcome this problem, many different nutraceutical strategies have been designed. Based on several data that have shown that CR action is mediated by AMPK/SIRT1 activation, several nutraceutical compounds capable of activating AMPK/SIRT1 signaling have been identified. In this review, we summarize recent data on the possible role of berberine, resveratrol, quercetin, and L-carnitine as CR-related nutrients. Additionally, we discuss the limitations related to the use of these nutrients in the management of T2DM and CVD.

Resveratrol alleviates enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88-induced damage by regulating SIRT-1 signaling in intestinal porcine epithelial cells

“…14 Importantly, resveratrol has been demonstrated to act on several crucial cellular targets, such as SIRT-1, NF-κB, mTOR, AMPK, and NRF2 signaling. [15][16][17] As a well-known SIRT-1 activator, resveratrol has been reported to regulate mitochondrial metabolism and enhance mitochondrial biogenesis. 18 Furthermore, resveratrol is widely considered to regulate the dynamic changes of the autophagy pathway through currently unknown mechanisms.…”

Health Benefits of Quercetin in Age-Related Diseases

“…As observed in hypertensive rats, quercetin plays an important role in the production of nitric oxide and decreases oxidative stress, activates AMPK signaling pathway, and is hence considered to have important anti-hypertensive properties. Activation of AMPK signaling impairs the contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells [78]. Quercetin is responsible for the activation of cell death domain which further activates FAS and FADD and causes the death of cancer cell lines by activating caspase 8.…”

4-Hexylresorcinol: pharmacologic chaperone and its application for wound healing

“…Unlike class I or II HDAC, SIRT is NAD-dependent deacetylase [ 30 ]. SIRT1 has therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetes [ 57 ] and Alzheimer’s disease [ 58 ]. In case of yeast, overexpression of SIRT2 gene increases its lifespan up to 30% [ 59 ].…”