Diabetes and Role of Exercise on its Control; A systematic Review

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic diseases. It is estimated that worldwide prevalence will reach to 21% in 2050. In Iran the prevalence of diabetes is estimated to be about 14%. It divided in two categories: type I and type II. Diabetes type I is due to absolute deficiency of insulin secretion, and type II characterized by resistances to insulin and its inadequate compensation. The aim of diabetes treatment is regulation of blood glucose, lipid and blood pressure to prevent or postpone its complication. Diet, physical activity and medication are three cornerstones in treatment of diabetes. Endurance and resistance and combination exercise are useful in control of diabetes and its dangerous complication. A session of aerobic exercise has shown to increase insulin sensitivity for up to 24-72 hours. Positive effect of exercise is due to its effect on weight loose, increase of Glut4 in muscle, blood flow and decrease in hepatic glucose production. Prolong resistance exercise improve insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and increase skeletal muscle mass and its glucose deposition. Exercise prescription for diabetic patients must be done according to their inability, orthopedic limitation and complication of diabetes, so a team of specialist is needed to determine the level and protocol of exercise.

Simultaneous Effect of Resistance Training and Alpha Lipoic Acid on Beclin-1 Expression and Malondialdehyde Level of Fatty Liver Diabetic Male Rats

“…The possible factors that may lead to elevated lipid peroxidation include an increase in free radicals generation and a decrease in enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense systems (20). In the study by Riahi et al (2017), ALA decreased acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by decreasing malondialdehyde, inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, and increasing the content of Catalase and Superoxide dismutase, and reduced Glutathione (36). These results are in line with our research findings.…”

The effects of a training program based on the health promotion model on physical activity in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled clinical trial

“…[ 5 ] Much evidence suggests that physical activity has a therapeutic effect in the prevention and management of type 2 DM, and is associated with a 60% reduction in the risk of developing DM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. [ 6 7 ] However, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), inactivity is the fourth leading cause of death globally and accounts for approximately two million deaths annually. [ 8 9 ] The problem of inactivity is more prevalent in women than in men.…”

The Effect of Educational Intervention Based on the Trans Theoretical Model on the Physical Activity Level of Diabetic Patients in Iran: A Educational Trial Study

“…Therefore, on this basis, many efforts are being made to achieve effective treatment measures to improve the metabolism of diabetic patients and prevent the complications caused by diabetes. Studies have indicated that diabetes and its complications, including eye, heart, vascular, and kidney complications, can be prevented by a healthy diet, regular physical activity, blood sugar control, blood pressure control, and blood cholesterol control (10).…”

“…Exercise controls blood glucose by improving the sensitivity of receptors to insulin secretion and thus reduces the need to take oral medications and insulin (10). Considering that muscle glycogen is burned during exercise and regenerated after exercise, this cycle of muscle glycogen depletion and regeneration leads to improved glucose tolerance and increased insulin sensitivity after exercise (11).…”

“…Also, it can control the risk of death by 21%, myocardial infarction by 14%, and microvascular complications by 37% in diabetic patients with a 1% decrease in glycated hemoglobin (12). Therefore, the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes have determined that exercise is effective in controlling diabetes and reducing its complications (10).…”