Diabetes and periodontitis

Abstract

The main aim of this review is to update the reader with practical knowledge concerning the relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases. Exclusive data is available on the association between these two chronic diseases till date. Articles published on this relationship often provide the knowledge of definitions of diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases, prevalence, extent, severity of periodontal disease, complications of diabetes along with the possible underlying mechanisms. The authors reviewed human epidemiological studies, cross-sectional observations and longitudinal cohort, case control that evaluated variables exclusively over the past 30 years and the predominant findings from the “certain” articles are summarized in this review. This review clarifies certain queries such as 1) Do periodontal diseases have an effect on the metabolic control of diabetes? 2) Does diabetes act as a risk factor of periodontitis? 3) What are the possible underlying mechanisms relating the connection between these two chronic diseases? 4) What is the effect of periodontal intervention on metabolic control of diabetes? After a thorough survey of literature, it was observed that diabetes acts as a risk factor in development of periodontitis as periodontitis is significantly aggravated in patients suffering from diabetes having long term hyperglycemia. Different mechanisms underlying the association between the accelerated periodontal disease and diabetes are emerging but still more work is required. Major efforts are required to elucidate the impact of periodontal diseases on diabetes. At the same time, patients are needed to be made aware of regular periodontal maintenance schedule and oral hygiene.

A novel chemically modified curcumin reduces inflammation‐mediated connective tissue breakdown in a rat model of diabetes: periodontal and systemic effects

“…With the previously described effects of CMC 2.24 as MMP and cytokine inhibitors, and with the demonstration that CMC 2.24, but not other triketonic CMCs (CMC 2.23 and CMC 2.14), can significantly inhibit alveolar (periodontal) bone loss in diabetic rats (27), it was of great interest to see how this compound performed in an animal model of endotoxin-induced periodontitis complicated by type I diabetes. Although diabetes by itself can induce periodontitis (43), we decided in this experiment to use the diabetic rat model with endotoxin-induced periodontitis to induce a more severe and aggressive form of periodontitis because of the short duration of this experimental protocol (4 wk) and because this particular combination of local and systemic disease is often seen clinically and is particularly difficult to treat effectively (25,50).…”

The Sociodemographic Characteristics, Periodontal Health Status, and Subgingival Microbiota of Patients With Chronic Periodontitis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case‐Control Study in a Chinese Population

“…The interaction between DM and periodontal disease has been studied extensively for >50 years. It has been suggested that a reciprocal relationship exists between type 2 DM (T2DM) and periodontitis 6,7 . A case‐control study showed that patients with T2DM are more susceptible to developing severe periodontal disease, 8 a conclusion that has been reinforced by the results of a meta‐analysis, which demonstrated that the overall differences in average probing depths (PDs) and clinical attachment loss (AL) were significantly greater in patients with DM compared with patients without DM 9 .…”

The oral cavity microbiota: between health, oral disease, and cancers of the aerodigestive tract

“…Among these, we can list generalized diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (Zheng et al 2015), cardiovascular disease (Ordovas and Mooser 2006), and pulmonary diseases (Scannapieco and Genco 1999), as well as brain and liver abscesses (Wagner et al 2006). Other such illnesses include gastrointestinal cancer (Meurman and Grönroos 2010), breast cancer (Laidi et al 2016), cirrhosis (Bajaj et al 2015), and diabetes (Maruyama et al 2007;Deshpande et al 2010;Farag and Gaballa 2011). More recently, links with pregnancy (Digiulio et al 2015), the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Kistler et al 2015), and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) have also been described (Zheng et al 2015).…”