“…Epoxy resins (EPs) are important thermoset materials that are extensively used in chemical, electrical, transport, and defense industries [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. These materials can be used in various applications, such as coatings, adhesives, electrical and electronic parts, fiber reinforced, optical fiber, and flame retardant material, because of their excellent chemical resistance, adhesive strength, mechanical strength, electrical insulation, thermal stability, dimensional stability, and cost-effectiveness [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. However, EPs are highly flammable materials with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) for combustion of ≤19.8 [ 12 , 13 ].…”