Dextran: Sources, Structures, and Properties

Díaz‐Montes, Elsa

doi:10.3390/polysaccharides2030033

Cited by 128 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Dextran is a polysaccharide biopolymer composed of Dglucose units and is synthesized by lactic acid bacteria. It is biocompatible, biodegradable, hydrophilic, and able to form hydrogels (104). Dextran is an FDA approved biopolymer found in ophthalmic eye drop solutions such as Tears Natural Forte R and Tears Natural II R for treatment of dry eye syndrome (105).…”

Section: Polysaccharide Biopolymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations for Polymers Used in Ocular Drug Delivery

et al. 2022

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PurposeAge-related eye diseases are becoming more prevalent. A notable increase has been seen in the most common causes including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and cataract. Current clinical treatments vary from tissue replacement with polymers to topical eye drops and intravitreal injections. Research and development efforts have increased using polymers for sustained release to the eye to overcome treatment challenges, showing promise in improving drug release and delivery, patient experience, and treatment compliance. Polymers provide unique properties that allow for specific engineered devices to provide improved treatment options. Recent work has shown the utilization of synthetic and biopolymer derived biomaterials in various forms, with this review containing a focus on polymers Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for ocular use.MethodsThis provides an overview of some prevalent synthetic polymers and biopolymers used in ocular delivery and their benefits, brief discussion of the various types and synthesis methods used, and administration techniques. Polymers approved by the FDA for different applications in the eye are listed and compared to new polymers being explored in the literature. This article summarizes research findings using polymers for ocular drug delivery from various stages: laboratory, preclinical studies, clinical trials, and currently approved. This review also focuses on some of the challenges to bringing these new innovations to the clinic, including limited selection of approved polymers.ResultsPolymers help improve drug delivery by increasing solubility, controlling pharmacokinetics, and extending release. Several polymer classes including synthetic, biopolymer, and combinations were discussed along with the benefits and challenges of each class. The ways both polymer synthesis and processing techniques can influence drug release in the eye were discussed.ConclusionThe use of biomaterials, specifically polymers, is a well-studied field for drug delivery, and polymers have been used as implants in the eye for over 75 years. Promising new ocular drug delivery systems are emerging using polymers an innovative option for treating ocular diseases because of their tunable properties. This review touches on important considerations and challenges of using polymers for sustained ocular drug delivery with the goal translating research to the clinic.

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Section: Polysaccharide Biopolymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations for Polymers Used in Ocular Drug Delivery

et al. 2022

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“…Dextran is one of the natural polymers in targeted drug delivery systems [ 116 ], which contains a monomeric α-D-glucose unit and has α-(1 → 6) glycosidic linkage in the backbone. Dextran is widely used in pharmaceutical, food, and chemical industries as a carrier, stabilizer, and emulsifying agent [ 117 , 118 ]. Due to its properties such as biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, non-toxicity, it has been used in drug delivery systems.…”

Section: Polysaccharides Based Drug Carriersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polysaccharide-Drug Conjugates: A Tool for Enhanced Cancer Therapy

et al. 2022

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Cancer is one of the most widespread deadly diseases, following cardiovascular disease, worldwide. Chemotherapy is widely used in combination with surgery, hormone and radiation therapy to treat various cancers. However, chemotherapeutic drugs can cause severe side effects due to non-specific targeting, poor bioavailability, low therapeutic indices, and high dose requirements. Several drug carriers successfully overcome these issues and deliver drugs to the desired sites, reducing the side effects. Among various drug delivery systems, polysaccharide-based carriers that target only the cancer cells have been developed to overcome the toxicity of chemotherapeutics. Polysaccharides are non-toxic, biodegradable, hydrophilic biopolymers that can be easily modified chemically to improve the bioavailability and stability for delivering therapeutics into cancer tissues. Different polysaccharides, such as chitosan, alginates, cyclodextrin, pullulan, hyaluronic acid, dextran, guar gum, pectin, and cellulose, have been used in anti-cancer drug delivery systems. This review highlights the recent progress made in polysaccharides-based drug carriers in anti-cancer therapy.

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“…Natural polysaccharides are widely distributed in nature and can be obtained from renewable resources, like plants, algae, fungi, animals and microorganisms (Figure 1). That makes them affordable and cost-effective materials for various medical and dental applications [22,28,29]. Moreover, their properties enable relatively easy and reproducible production of drug formulations by applying already well-studied production methods such as spray drying, emulsion technique, coacervation, polymerization, etc.…”

Section: Natural Polysaccharide Drug Carriers In Dentistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dextran is a complex branched polysaccharide, synthesized by lactic acid bacteria or their enzymes in the presence of sucrose. The polymer linear chain consists of D-glucoses linked by α-(1→6) bonds with possible branches of D-glucoses linked by α-(1→4), α-(1→3), or α-(1→2) bonds (Figure 7) [29]. Dextran has been considered as a promising polymer carrier candidate for a wide variety of therapeutic agents due to its physico-chemical properties and physiological acceptance [82].…”

Section: Dextranmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polysaccharide-Based Micro- and Nanosized Drug Delivery Systems for Potential Application in the Pediatric Dentistry

et al. 2021

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The intensive development of micro- and nanotechnologies in recent years has offered a wide horizon of new possibilities for drug delivery in dentistry. The use of polymeric drug carriers turned out to be a very successful technique for formulating micro- and nanoparticles with controlled or targeted drug release in the oral cavity. Such innovative strategies have the potential to provide an improved therapeutic approach to prevention and treatment of various oral diseases not only for adults, but also in the pediatric dental practice. Due to their biocompatibility, biotolerance and biodegradability, naturally occurring polysaccharides like chitosan, alginate, pectin, dextran, starch, etc., are among the most preferred materials for preparation of micro- and nano-devices for drug delivery, offering simple particle-forming characteristics and easily tunable properties of the formulated structures. Their low immunogenicity and low toxicity provide an advantage over most synthetic polymers for the development of pediatric formulations. This review is focused on micro- and nanoscale polysaccharide biomaterials as dental drug carriers, with an emphasis on their potential application in pediatric dentistry.

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Dextran: Sources, Structures, and Properties

Cited by 128 publications

References 83 publications

Considerations for Polymers Used in Ocular Drug Delivery

Considerations for Polymers Used in Ocular Drug Delivery

Polysaccharide-Drug Conjugates: A Tool for Enhanced Cancer Therapy

Polysaccharide-Based Micro- and Nanosized Drug Delivery Systems for Potential Application in the Pediatric Dentistry

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