Dew Formation and Chemistry Near a Motorway in Poland

Abstract

Abstract-In this study, the influence of traffic intensity on dew formation efficiency and chemistry is presented. The measurements were conducted near the A4 motorway in SW Poland in almost flat land relief with intense agricultural activity. The dew/hoarfrost was collected by means of insulated plain passive radiative condensers at three sites: AN and AS located in the close vicinity of the motorway (30 m) on the opposite sides of the road, and AR, representing rural background conditions beyond the motorway influence. Measurements were conducted in two short campaigns in April and September 2009 with 9 and 10 collection days respectively. The average daily efficiency of dew formation was 0.179 L/ m 2 . Its value for AN, AS and AR was on average 0.170, 0.199 and 0.173 L/m 2 , respectively. The efficiency of dew formation at measurement sites located on both sides of the road differed by up to about 200% during an individual dew episode. Maximum daily value reached 0.389 L/m 2 . The average volume-weighted pH was acidic and ranged from 4.29 (AS) to 4.58 (AR). The electric conductivity (EC) at all measurement sites was relatively low reaching on average 55.9 lS/cm for AN, 62.2 lS/cm for AS and 35.8 lS/cm for AR. The average volume-weighted TIC parameter (total ionic content) reached the value of 0.62 meq/L (AN and AS) and 0.38 meq/L (AR). Both EC and TIC values indicated strong influence of the motorway at sites located in its close vicinity (AN and AS). Depending on airflow direction during individual dew collection events, AN or AS sites were situated alternatively on windward or leeward side of the road, which distinctly influenced dew formation and chemistry: the leeward condenser was characterized by smaller water volume, higher EC and higher TIC when compared both with its windward counterpart and the background site. The ionic structure of the collected samples was similar at all measurement sites. The largest share had NO 3 -anion (28-32%) and Ca 2? cation (22-25%). Thus, air pollution was relatively low in the vicinity of the A4 motorway in SW Poland not exceeding the typical values for urban background stations.

Spatial and Temporal Investigation of Dew Potential based on Long-Term Model Simulations in Iran

“…In other parts of the world, Gaiek et al [47], presented a systematic review on dew yield from plane radiative condensers in various field campaigns during 1993-2010. The overall outcome of these campaign results showed that the mean daily dew yield was in the range 0.06-0.20 L/m 2 .…”

Scavenging of Nitrogen From the Atmosphere by Atmospheric (Rain and Snow) and Occult (Dew and Frost) Precipitation: Comparison of Urban and Nonurban Deposition Profiles

“…However, one can say that dew water is the second largest load of water from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface in the investigated region (Polkowska et al, 2008;Tomaszkiewicz et al, 2015). In the European temperate continental zone (Dfb-Koppen climate classen), apart from the mountain and coastal regions, dew harvesting is unprofitable due to low efficiency, for example, 0.1 L/m 2 /day in the Netherlands (Jacobs et al, 2008), 0.15 L/m 2 /day in Sweden (Nilsson, 1996), and 0.1-0.4 mm in Poland (Galek et al, 2012;Muskała et al, 2015). Although dew water yield is limited and cannot exceed~1 mm/day (Beysens, 1995;Lekouch et al, 2010), it is strongly dependent on local conditions (Beysens, 2006;Galek et al, 2012;Rubio et al, 2008).…”

“…In the European temperate continental zone (Dfb-Koppen climate classen), apart from the mountain and coastal regions, dew harvesting is unprofitable due to low efficiency, for example, 0.1 L/m 2 /day in the Netherlands (Jacobs et al, 2008), 0.15 L/m 2 /day in Sweden (Nilsson, 1996), and 0.1-0.4 mm in Poland (Galek et al, 2012;Muskała et al, 2015). Although dew water yield is limited and cannot exceed~1 mm/day (Beysens, 1995;Lekouch et al, 2010), it is strongly dependent on local conditions (Beysens, 2006;Galek et al, 2012;Rubio et al, 2008). In dry periods between precipitation, dew is of considerable significance for ecosystems (especially in vegetation period); on the other hand, it is also hazardous due to its contribution to rotting of various naturals and propagation of epidemics (Agam & Berliner, 2006;Chen et al, 2013).…”

Evaluation of the Contribution of Deposited Precipitation

“…Polluting substances present in the atmospheric boundary layer are deposited during precipitation events. Beysens et al [6][7][8], Chiwa et al [9], Clus et al [10][11][12], and Galek et al [13] have measured precipitation levels and assessed chemical pollution content. Chemical attributes of deposited precipitation in India are presented in Muselli et al [14] and Sharan et al [15], for example.…”

“…Deposited precipitation, especially dew, is evaluated in some studies, usually as the by-product of analyzing deposited precipitation pollution. Examples of such studies include Beysens et al [7,8] and Muselli et al [16,17], for sampling areas in France; Muselli et al [14] and Mileta et al [18], for Croatia; Jacobs et al [19], for the central part of the Netherlands; Clus et al [12], for Tahiti; and Galek et al [13], for Poland.…”