, Takayoshi OHKUBO 4), 5) , Masahiro KIKUYA 6) , Kei ASAYAMA 4), 5) , Ryusuke INOUE 5) , Haruhisa HOSHI 7) , Sadayoshi ITO 1) , and Yutaka IMAI
59.6 mL/min, and 57.3 mL/min for CCr, 4.2%, 8.9%, 10.3%, and 12.8% for the prevalence of positive proteinuria, and 2.3%, 3.0%, 6.3%, and 9.8% for the proportion with CCr <60 mL/min with proteinuria. Compared with the SNBP group, the MHT and SHT groups exhibited significant differences in these parameters (p <0.05, for each). The adjusted odds ratios for CCr <60 mL/min with proteinuria were significantly higher in the MHT (2.56) and SHT (3.60) groups compared with the SNBP group (reference
IntroductionAccumulative evidence has revealed that a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the presence of proteinuria are independent risk factors for death and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD) events among general populations (1-3). Thus, it is now recognized that chronic kidney disease (CKD) (4) is an emerging new target for investigation from the viewpoint of public health. Hypertension, a classic risk factor for CVD events, can be clinically classified into subgroups: sustained hypertension (SHT), white-coat hypertension (WCHT), and masked hypertension (MHT) (5), which is characterized by normal casual blood pressure (CBP) and elevated home blood pressure (HBP) or ambulatory blood pressure (BP) levels. Among the subtypes, it has been revealed that patients with MHT are at a high risk for CVD morbidity and mortality similar to that of patients with SHT (6, 7). Accordingly, it is clinically important to clarify the relationship between CKD and MHT in terms of screening high-risk populations and targeting therapeutic levels of BP in CKD patients; however, little is known regarding this issue.The present cross-sectional study examined the CKD incidence in subjects with MHT in the Japanese general population.
Methods
DesignThis study was a part of the Ohasama study, a longitudinal BP measurement project initiated in 1986. The socio-economic and demographic characteristics of this region and full details of the project have been described previously (8). The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Tohoku University School of Medicine and the Department of Health of the Ohasama Town Government.
Study PopulationIn Japan, annual health checkups are available for farmers, the self-employed, retirees, and dependents aged ≥ 35 years. Among the 7,496 residents of Ohasama, 3,076 were eligible for annual health checkups in 1992. A total of 2,192 residents participated in checkups from 1992 to 1997. Of the 2,192 participants, 215 were excluded due to missing serum creatinine levels, missing dipstick tests for spot-urine, and other confounding factors (age, gender, body mass index [BMI], current smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, antihypertensive treatment, and history of CVD). Participants who were hospitalized, mentally ill, or bedridden were also excluded (n= 185). In addition, participants with less than 14 d of HBP measurements and participan...