Developments in the public transport serviceability of rural settlements with examples from various types of micro-regions

Abstract

This article analyzes the impact of the arrival of immigrants to Catalan rural areas from a gender perspective. We specifically observed the female migration routes to municipalities experiencing problems in ensuring the reproduction of their communities (depopulation, masculinization, aging, singleness, economic marginality), and suggest that these women make a remarkable contribution to their development and the revival of some of the human capital and labor lost in the process of decline that has characterized rural areas throughout the twentieth century. We noted the demographic trends and characteristics of immigration to rural areas, together with their migratory routes, expectations and the distinguishing factors of their incorporation into such a specific social, economic and cultural environment. Unlike male immigrants to these areas, who are usually employed in the primary sector, women work mainly in the service sector (hotels and tourism), in the agro-processing industry and above all, in work related to the reproductive sphere: care and attention of the aging population who because of the rural exodus, frequently lack either the family or institutional context to meet their care needs. We understand that the foreign women help to re-feminize these communities and become essential economic and social agents.

Transport Supply and Demand Changes in Relation to Unemployment: Empirical Evidence from the Czech Republic in a Time of Crisis

“…People in the countryside have much less transport opportunities or less alternative modes of transport, including a lower frequency of public transport (particularly, in small villages – see Květoň et al . (). As a result, cars are a necessity for them.…”

Public transport accessibility and spatial exclusion in Roma settlements: A case study of three regions in Eastern Slovakia

“…The utilisation of methods and tools conventional for recent transport geography research is to reveal transport disadvantages and inequalities in access to public transport (a similar approach was applied, e.g. by Križan & Tolmáči, 2008;Bocarejo & Oviedo, 2012;Kraft, 2016;Květoň et al, 2017;Šťastná & Vaishar, 2017;Ivan et al, 2019;Stępniak et al, 2019;Curtis et al, 2019), and allows us to identify accurate levels of public transport networks inaccessibility from the view of the geographical environment and regional and/or local conditions. We do understand, however, that the assessment of public transport accessibility and quality is only a part of the very complex issues of social exclusion faced by Roma communities.…”

“…), despite the growing importance of individual automobility (due to passenger car availability improvement) in welfare societies, the role of public transportation for everyday mobility purposes is still crucial for lower-class communities. This is specifically true in postsocialist countries such as Slovakia or the Czech Republic (Seidenglanz, 2007;Temelová et al, 2011;Horňák et al, 2016;Květoň et al, 2017), where some communities are largely dependent on public transportation due to their insufficient household incomes or other obstacles causing an unaffordability of family car ownership. Public railway transport was not taken into account here, as the railway network density in the research areas is quite low compared to public bus-transport network, and railway stations are typically too far from any Roma community identified in these areas.…”

Inequality of Public Transport Services in Lithuanian Municipalities

“…Tačiau dažnu atveju viešasis transportas kaimo vietovėse nėra išplėtotas dėl mažo vartotojų skaičiaus, jis nepatenkina keleivių poreikių: yra nepasiekiamas, didelės kainos ir perpildytas (Hine, 2014). Tokiu atveju asmeninio automobilio naudojimas išlieka vienintelis praktiškas pasirinkimas atokiose gyvenvietėse (Květoň et al, 2017). Būtina viešojo transporto paslaugą organizuoti taip, kad ji taptų patrauklesne alternatyva nuosavam automobiliui.…”