Developments in phosphorus flame retardants

Levchik, Sergei V.; Weil, Edward D.

doi:10.1533/9781845694701.1.41

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…It is well‐known that organophosphorus compounds have been widely utilized in many areas . Especially, compounds bearing C( sp 3 )−P bonds have been particular interest due to their potential applications in organic synthesis, agrochemicals, flame retardants, and extractants . Traditional methods for the construction of C( sp 3 )−P bonds such as Michaelis‐Arbuzov and Michaelis‐Becker reactions are somewhat unsatisfactory (e. g., the use of halides and harsh reaction conditions) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1] Especially, compounds bearing C(sp 3 )ÀP bonds have been particular interest due to their potential applications in organic synthesis, [2] agrochemicals, [3] flame retardants, [4] and extractants. [1] Especially, compounds bearing C(sp 3 )ÀP bonds have been particular interest due to their potential applications in organic synthesis, [2] agrochemicals, [3] flame retardants, [4] and extractants.…”

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confidence: 99%

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DDQ‐Promoted Allylic C−H Phosphorylation of 1,3‐Diarylpropenes

et al. 2018

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

DDQ‐Promoted Allylic C−H Phosphorylation of 1,3‐Diarylpropenes

et al. 2018

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“…Phosphorus-based flame retardants have been proposed to replace halogenated flame retarding additives due to their good fire properties and better environmental sustainability [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. They exhibit all kinds of flame retardant modes of action, such as flame inhibition in the gas phase and char enhancement, and intumescence and formation of inorganic glass in the condensed phase [ 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Modes of Action of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants in Polymeric Systems

2017

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Phosphorus-based flame retardants were incorporated into different, easily preparable matrices, such as polymeric thermoset resins and paraffin as a proposed model for polyolefins and investigated for their flame retardancy performance. The favored mode of action of each flame retardant was identified in each respective system and at each respective concentration. Thermogravimetric analysis was used in combination with infrared spectroscopy of the evolved gas to determine the pyrolysis behavior, residue formation and the release of phosphorus species. Forced flaming tests in the cone calorimeter provided insight into burning behavior and macroscopic residue effects. The results were put into relation to the phosphorus content to reveal correlations between phosphorus concentration in the gas phase and flame inhibition performance, as well as phosphorus concentration in the residue and condensed phase activity. Total heat evolved (fire load) and peak heat release rate were calculated based on changes in the effective heat of combustion and residue, and then compared with the measured values to address the modes of action of the flame retardants quantitatively. The quantification of flame inhibition, charring, and the protective layer effect measure the non-linear flame retardancy effects as functions of the phosphorus concentration. Overall, this screening approach using easily preparable polymer systems provides great insight into the effect of phosphorus in different flame retarded polymers, with regard to polymer structure, phosphorus concentration, and phosphorus species.

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“…However, as such formulations need to be applied in an acidic condition, the cotton fabric loses its tensile strength and become stiffer. Besides, such a treatment is expensive, non-eco-friendly due to the involvement of a large amount of chemicals, high temperature curing process and for toxic formaldehyde emission during treatment [3]. Although antimony in combination with halogen could impart good flame retardant property, it is still not very successful due to the negative impact of halogen compounds in the environment [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Banana pseudostem sap: A waste plant resource for making thermally stable cellulosic substrate

Basak

Saxena

Chattopadhyay

et al. 2016

Journal of Industrial Textiles

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The flame retardant functionality was imparted in cellulosic textile using banana pseudostem sap, an eco-friendly waste plant product. The extracted sap was applied in three different pH conditions, viz. acidic, neutral and alkaline to the pre-mordanted bleached and mercerized cotton fabrics. Flame retardant characteristics of both the control and the treated fabrics were analysed in terms of limiting oxygen index, vertical flammability and heat release related properties using a cone calorimeter. The thermal degradation and pyrolysis mechanism were studied using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The elemental analysis was carried out with X-ray fluorescence, and the quantification of phosphorus and nitrogen was also done. Besides, the charring mechanism of both the control and the treated fabric was analysed in detail, and a char structure model has been proposed. The treated fabrics were also evaluated in terms of colour and other physical properties.

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Developments in phosphorus flame retardants

Cited by 33 publications

References 31 publications

DDQ‐Promoted Allylic C−H Phosphorylation of 1,3‐Diarylpropenes

DDQ‐Promoted Allylic C−H Phosphorylation of 1,3‐Diarylpropenes

Exploring the Modes of Action of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants in Polymeric Systems

Banana pseudostem sap: A waste plant resource for making thermally stable cellulosic substrate

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