Developmental toxicity of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (epoxide resin badge) during the early life cycle of a native amphibian species

Abstract

Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is used in packaging materials, in epoxy adhesives, and as an additive for plastics, but it is also a potential industrial wastewater contaminant. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the adverse effects of BADGE on Rhinella arenarum by means of standardized bioassays at embryo-larval development. The results showed that BADGE was more toxic to embryos than to larvae at all exposure times. At acute exposure, lethality rates of embryos exposed to concentrations of 0.0005 mg/L BADGE and greater were significantly higher than rates in the vehicle control, whereas lethality rates of larvae were significantly higher in concentrations of 10 mg/L BADGE and greater. The toxicity then increased significantly, with 96-h median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of 0.13 mg/L and 6.9 mg/L BADGE for embryos and larvae, respectively. By the end of the chronic period, the 336-h LC50s were 0.04 mg/L and 2.2 mg/L BADGE for embryos and larvae, respectively. This differential sensitivity was also ascertained by the 24-h pulse exposure experiments, in which embryos showed a stage-dependent toxicity, with blastula being the most sensitive stage and S.23 the most resistant. The most important sublethal effects in embryos were cell dissociation and delayed development, whereas the main abnormalities observed in larvae related to neurotoxicity, as scare response to stimuli and narcotic effect. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:3031-3038. © 2016 SETAC.

Endocrine disruptors also function as nervous disruptors and can be renamed endocrine and nervous disruptors (ENDs)

“… Masuo et al [ 11 ]: locus ceruleus is enlarged in treated male rats and neurodegenerative disorders. 18 Bisphenol A diglycid ether Plastics monomer Hutler et al [ 84 ]: the main abnormalities in amphibians larvae related to neurotoxicity. 19 Bisphenol F Plastics monomer Ohtani et al [ 85 ]: exposure alters offspring behavior, resulting in increases in anxiety and depressive state in mice.…”

High-content analysis of larval phenotypes for the screening of xenobiotic toxicity using Phallusia mammillata embryos

“…Interestingly, a synthetic ligand of PPARγ, BADGE (Wright et al, 2000), showed significant effect on PSO development at 1 -5 µM. Similar cocnentrations of BADGE also caused neurodevelopmental toxicity in an amphibian (Rhinella arenarum, EC50 = 0.5 µM) (Hutler et al, 2016).…”

An Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor for the Selective Determination of Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether

“…The incompletely polymerized BADGE will migrate into food and become a contaminant due to its toxicity to human. The harmful of BADGE of the human body is quite extensive, including endocrine disruption, cytotoxicity of human placenta, embryotoxicity and carcinogenicity . In addition, various derivatives such as bisphenol A (3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether (BADGE⋅HCl), bisphenol A bis(3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl) ether (BADGE ⋅ 2HCl) and bisphenol A (3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl) (2,3‐dihydroxypropyl) ether (BADGE⋅H 2 O⋅HCl) are also produced when BADGE is contacted with aqueous and/or acidic substrates, which also have been shown to pose a great threat to living things .…”