Developmental Origins of Stress and Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract

Over the last few decades, evidence has emerged that the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia can involve perturbations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and other neuroendocrine systems. Variations in the manifestation of these effects could be related to differences in clinical symptoms between affected individuals and to differences in treatment response. Such effects can also arise from the complex interaction between genes and environmental factors. Here, we review the effects of maternal stress on abnormalities in HPA axis regulation and the development of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Studies in this area may prove critical for increasing our understanding of the multidimensional nature of mental disorders and could lead to the development of improved diagnostics and novel therapeutic approaches for treating individuals who suffer from these conditions.

RNA-seq and differential expression analysis of the duck transcriptome: The effect of short-term cage-rearing

“…It is noteworthy that changes in the external environment affect the transcriptome of an organism (KRISHNAN et al 2020;WANG et al 2020;XU et al 2019). In addition, activation of the HPA axis triggers the hypothalamus to release of the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) in the pituitary (DICK and PROVENCAL 2018;GUEST and GUEST 2018). The present study caged ducks in the floor-water combination system for three days then assessed the differences between the transcriptomes of ducks reared in cages and those raised in the traditional method.…”

Metabolomics Analyses of 14 Classical Neurotransmitters by GC-TOF with LC-MS Illustrates Secretion of 9 Cell–Cell Signaling Molecules from Sympathoadrenal Chromaffin Cells in the Presence of Lithium

“…The adrenal gland of the sympathetic nervous system is a key responder to stress through the secretion of the catecholamine and related neurotransmitters (37,38). Stress-related disorders involve mental health conditions including bipolar disorder and related (43)(44)(45)(46). Lithium, a drug widely used for the treatment of bipolar disorder, has been found to regulate chromaffin cell sodium and calcium channels (51)(52)(53).…”

“…The adrenal medulla is involved in stress-related disorders which impact mental health conditions including bipolar disorder and other related illnesses (43)(44)(45)(46). Lithium, a widely used drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder (47)(48)(49)(50), modulates sodium and calcium channels of chromaffin cells (51)(52)(53).…”

“…The adrenal medulla is involved in stress-related disorders, which impact mental health conditions including bipolar disorder and other related illnesses. − Lithium, a widely used drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder, − modulates sodium and calcium channels of chromaffin cells. − Regulation of sodium and calcium channels, essential for neurotransmitter secretion, suggested that lithium may modulate neurotransmitter secretion from chromaffin cells. Indeed, metabolomics analyses of this study showed that lithium treatment of chromaffin cells regulated constitutive and stimulated secretion of catecholamine neurotransmitters.…”

Construction and Analysis of Human Diseases and Metabolites Network

“…To further investigate the relationships between disease and metabolite nodes of the HDMN, we next screened for the significantly overlapping metabolites between the 12 metabolic pathways and each disease class (Figure 2E), and found that the metabolites in five disease classes -hematological, anatomical entity, neurological, psychiatric, cancer -belong to the amino acid metabolism metabolic pathway. This is not surprising since any nutritional imbalance can affect development and hormonal functions (Guest and Guest, 2018). Furthermore, the metabolites of mental health, nervous system disease, cardiovascular and respiratory disease classes were linked to the lipid metabolism pathway.…”