“…A more recent summary of the literature (Levy, 2005) estimates separation and loss at 37 -64% but identifies 4 studies that failed to confirm these findings. Whilst it does not confirm the assumption that all borderline patients have a borderline parent, and whilst we should not exclude the possibility of child-to-parent effects or genetic rather than environmental mediation, there is consistent evidence of problematic parenting and parental bonding with BPD (Frank & Hoffman, 1986;Johnson et al, 2001;Paris, 2003;Paris & Frank, 1989;Russ, Heim, & Westen, 2003;Soloff & Millward, 1983;Young & Gunderson, 1995). Low family cohesion and high instability characterizes families of BPD patients (Feldman et al, 1995).…”