Developmental Changes in Skin Barrier and Structure during the First 5 Years of Life

Walters, Russel M.; Khanna, Preeya; Chu, Melissa; Mack, M Catherine

doi:10.1159/000444805

Cited by 38 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In theory, increased local exposure to parabens may predispose to a higher risk of sensitization. Given that children and adolescents have higher TEWL values and thinner stratum corneum layer and show higher rates of atopic dermatitis—this age‐group might be more susceptible to paraben contact hypersensitivity. On the other hand, patch testing with paraben mix often results in non‐specific reactions in particular if the patch‐tested individual suffers from AD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case‐control analysis of skin contact allergy in children and adolescents

Francuzik

Geier

Schubert

et al. 2019

Pediatric Allergy Immunology

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Background Contact sensitization in children is increasing. The offending allergens differ depending on patient age and sex. We aimed to determine the sensitization profiles in children (aged 6‐12) and adolescents (aged 13‐18), to compare these to a control group of adults (aged 60‐66), and to evaluate differences in sensitization patterns between working and non‐working adolescents. Patients/Materials/Methods We analyzed Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) data from 2009 to 2016 using multiple logistic regression analysis. Of the 99 082 patients documented in the IVDK database, 591 children, 2451 adolescents and 12 122 adults were included in further analysis. Results Nickel was the most frequent contact allergen among all age‐groups. Children and adolescents showed significantly lower reaction rates to fragrance mix, methyldibromo‐glutaronitrile, methylisothiazolinone, and propolis than adults. Positive reactions to sorbitan sesquioleate and mercapto mix among children and to cobalt among adolescents were significantly more frequent than in adults. Working adolescents had more often positive reactions to methyl(chloro)isothiazolinone (skin lesions predominantly on hands) and paraben mix (skin lesions predominantly on feet) when compared to non‐working peers. Patch‐tested children were more often diagnosed with atopic dermatitis than adults (P < 0.0001). Conclusions Contact allergens display age‐specific patterns, which should be considered in a standardized series targeting different patient populations (children and adolescents). Employed adolescents should preferably be tested with the baseline series to optimize allergen identification.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case‐control analysis of skin contact allergy in children and adolescents

Francuzik

Geier

Schubert

et al. 2019

Pediatric Allergy Immunology

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“…Furthermore, the possibility of having a low PR-Cl-permeated amount seems interesting for the design of a topical preparation intended to treat newborn infants. The limited drug release and permeation profiles of lipophilic creams can be advantageous in such patients because of their skin barrier being more permeable to xenobiotics in comparison to adults or children older than 3 years [28,29]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topical Treatment of Infantile Haemangiomas: A Comparative Study on the Selection of a Semi-Solid Vehicle

Casiraghi

Musazzi²,

Rocco³

et al. 2016

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Background/Aim: Topical β-blockers have recently been proposed as a valid alternative to oral drugs for treating cutaneous infantile haemangiomas, but clinical results in the literature are inconsistent due to the empirical choice of topical preparations. The current investigation aimed to rationalize the selection of a semi-solid vehicle for a locally applied drug product containing 1% w/w propranolol hydrochloride (PR-Cl). Methods: A hydrophobic ointment of PR-Cl, two lipophilic creams, and a hydrophilic cream were prepared. In vitro release and skin permeation studies through human epidermis and full-thickness skin were performed by Franz diffusion cells. Results: The overall results highlighted that PR-Cl was able to permeate the human epidermis, and its penetration pattern was strongly influenced by the composition of the semi-solid vehicle. PR-Cl release and permeation from lipophilic vehicles were extremely limited and influenced by their composition. Best results were obtained by using the hydrophilic cream. Furthermore, the retention study evidenced that epidermis acted as a reservoir, releasing the PR-Cl accumulated after preparation removal. Conclusion: The 1% w/w PR-Cl cream resulted the most suitable formulation for improving drug permeation through the human epidermis. On the contrary, the negligible permeation profile through full-thickness skin pointed out that PR-Cl cannot diffuse significantly to reach the deeper layers of human skin.

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“…It is generally believed that the skin barrier is competent in full-term infants at birth, based on measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) [5, 9]; however, the water-handling properties of the stratum corneum do not appear to be fully developed until at least the end of the first year [5, 7]. Indeed, recent evidence based on the water-holding and transport properties of the stratum corneum suggest that skin barrier maturation continues into the fourth year of life [8, 10]. This development appears to be dependent on the anatomical site, with TEWL and conductance measurements taken in the less environmentally exposed inner upper arm being higher and taking longer to decrease to adult values than in the more exposed dorsal forearm [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Skin Structural and Functional Parameters in Well-Nourished and Moderately Undernourished Infants

Hughes-Formella¹,

Wunderlich²,

Williams³

et al. 2019

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Background: Little is known about the impact of nutrition on the development of skin structure and function in infants. Methods: We investigated epidermal, dermal, and subcutis parameters of aged-matched well-nourished and moderately undernourished infants in this single-center, cross-sectional, noninterventional study using noninvasive methods (skin caliper, 20-MHz sonography, transepidermal water loss, skin pH, and corneometry). Plasma fatty acids were determined as an indicator of nutritional differences. 310 infants from different age groups, i.e., 1 week, 4 weeks, and 6, 9, 12, 24, and 36 months were included. Approximately half of each age group was well-nourished (WHO reference values weight-for-height/length Zscore: –0.75 ≤ Z ≤ 0.75) and the other half was moderately undernourished (–3 ≤ Z < –2). Results: Structural maturational differences in the deeper dermis and subcutis regions of the skin and subtle functional changes in the epidermis were observed in moderately undernourished infants without notable clinical symptoms. Reduced skin barrier function or skin hydration were not observed in the undernourished infants, and skin pH shifted to more acidic values in this group. Conclusion: These findings reveal a greater impact of moderate undernutrition on the development of the dermis and subcutis and suggest that critical epidermal functions such as skin barrier and pH are mostly maintained.

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Developmental Changes in Skin Barrier and Structure during the First 5 Years of Life

Cited by 38 publications

References 36 publications

A case‐control analysis of skin contact allergy in children and adolescents

A case‐control analysis of skin contact allergy in children and adolescents

Topical Treatment of Infantile Haemangiomas: A Comparative Study on the Selection of a Semi-Solid Vehicle

Comparison of Skin Structural and Functional Parameters in Well-Nourished and Moderately Undernourished Infants

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