Developmental cascade model for adolescent substance use from infancy to late adolescence.

Abstract

A developmental cascade model for adolescent substance use beginning in infancy was examined in a sample of children with alcoholic and non-alcoholic parents. The model examined the role of parents’ alcohol diagnoses, depression and antisocial behavior in a cascading process of risk via three major hypothesized pathways: first via parental warmth/sensitivity from toddler to kindergarten age predicting higher parental monitoring in middle childhood through early adolescence serving as a protective pathway for adolescent substance use; second, via child low self-regulation in the preschool years to a continuing externalizing behavior problem pathway leading to underage drinking and higher engagement with substance using peers; and third, via higher social competence from kindergarten age through middle childhood being protective against engagement with delinquent and substance using peers, and leading to lower adolescent substance use. The sample consisted of 227 intact families recruited from the community at 12 months of child age. Results were supportive for the first two pathways to substance use in late adolescence. Among proximal, early adolescent risks, engagement with delinquent peers and parent’s acceptance of underage drinking were significant predictors of late adolescent alcohol and marijuana use. The results highlight the important protective roles of maternal warmth/sensitivity in early childhood to kindergarten age, parental monitoring in middle childhood, and of child self-regulation in the preschool period as reducing risk for externalizing behavior problems, underage drinking, and engagement with delinquent peers in early adolescence. Specific implications for the creation of developmentally fine-tuned preventive intervention are discussed.

Neuroendocrine and immune pathways from pre- and perinatal stress to substance abuse

“…Notably, the neuroendocrine and immune systems are believed to be key mechanisms in the transmission of addiction and psychopathology risk related to acute and chronic stressors during the pre- and perinatal period ( Enoch, 2011 ; Koob and Le Moal, 2001 ; Mayes and Suchman, 2006 ). Extant etiological models for substance abuse and addiction have limited focus thus far on the earliest developmental stages ( Eiden et al, 2016 ), in which endocrine and immune processes may serve as potential mechanisms for future addiction-related risk. A proposed conceptual model details how pre- and perinatal stress may confer risk for addiction vulnerability through neuroendocrine and immune pathways (see Fig.…”

Relações Entre Práticas Educativas Parentais Percebidas E a Autoestima, Sinais De Depressão E Ouso De Substâncias Por Adolescentes

“…Sinais de depressão e uso de substâncias estão relacionadas com estilo parental negligente, baixo uso de regras e baixa responsividade dos pais. Pesquisas recentes (Eiden et al, , 2016;Wang, Dishion, Stormshak & Willett, 2011) ressaltam a da sensibilidade e responsividade parental, bem como da monitoria, como fatores de proteção para comporamentos exteriorizados, uso de álcool, e drogas. Parece que o afeto presente, bem como as regras claras e consistentes, facilitam a comunicacão entre pais e filhos diminuindo a probabildiade de comportamentos antissociais.…”

Early Childhood Risk and Protective Factors Predicting Resilience against Adolescent Substance Use

“…Developmental cascade models of risk (Dodge et al, 2009) and studies of COAs indicate that family experiences of COAs beginning in infancy may be associated with developmental processes culminating in underage drinking and substance use problems in later life (Zucker, 1976). While there have been many developmental studies of COAs since then, none (except studies of fetal alcohol syndrome) have spanned infancy through late adolescence except the Buffalo Longitudinal Study (Eiden, 2018;Eiden et al, 2016; see Michigan Longitudinal Study for COA study beginning at preschool age). Results from this study support a cascade model of risk beginning in infancy and delineate two developmental pathways to adolescent substance use (Eiden et al, 2016), one via the parent-child relationship and another via child temperament characteristics.…”