Development of wearable and implantable antennas in the last decade: A review

Gupta, Bhaskar; Sankaralingam, S.; Dhar, Sayantan

doi:10.1109/mmw.2010.5605178

Cited by 84 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The wearable antenna is thus the bond that integrates cloth into the communication system, making electronic devices less obtrusive. To achieve good results, wearable antennas have to be thin, lightweight, low maintenance, robust, inexpensive and easily integrated in radio frequency (RF) circuits [3–6]. Thus, planar antennas are the preferred type of antenna as, despite the fact their maximum attainable bandwidth-efficiency is significantly lower than the theoretical limit for electrically small antennas, they allow an excellent integration of the antenna with the RF circuits, feeding lines and matching circuits on a standard multilayer board material [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Textile Materials for the Design of Wearable Antennas: A Survey

Salvado

Loss

Gonçalves

et al. 2012

Sensors

341

228

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In the broad context of Wireless Body Sensor Networks for healthcare and pervasive applications, the design of wearable antennas offers the possibility of ubiquitous monitoring, communication and energy harvesting and storage. Specific requirements for wearable antennas are a planar structure and flexible construction materials. Several properties of the materials influence the behaviour of the antenna. For instance, the bandwidth and the efficiency of a planar microstrip antenna are mainly determined by the permittivity and the thickness of the substrate. The use of textiles in wearable antennas requires the characterization of their properties. Specific electrical conductive textiles are available on the market and have been successfully used. Ordinary textile fabrics have been used as substrates. However, little information can be found on the electromagnetic properties of regular textiles. Therefore this paper is mainly focused on the analysis of the dielectric properties of normal fabrics. In general, textiles present a very low dielectric constant that reduces the surface wave losses and increases the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. However, textile materials are constantly exchanging water molecules with the surroundings, which affects their electromagnetic properties. In addition, textile fabrics are porous, anisotropic and compressible materials whose thickness and density might change with low pressures. Therefore it is important to know how these characteristics influence the behaviour of the antenna in order to minimize unwanted effects. This paper presents a survey of the key points for the design and development of textile antennas, from the choice of the textile materials to the framing of the antenna. An analysis of the textile materials that have been used is also presented.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Textile Materials for the Design of Wearable Antennas: A Survey

Salvado

Loss

Gonçalves

et al. 2012

Sensors

341

228

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Among such electronic elements, body-worn antennas are key devices in order to wirelessly transfer the data from on-body sensors to the central database/computing facilities [1][2][3]. Since the human body is composed of a large variety of tissues types (with different dielectric properties) the substrate design of the wearable antennas must include their effects, specifically to take into account the overall dielectric constant of the device and losses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable GPS patch antenna on jeans fabric

Gil

Fernández‐García

2016

2016 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS)

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Abstract-In this work a wearable GPS adhesive copper sheet patch antenna on jeans fabric is designed, simulated and tested including the human body impact and specific absorption rate (SAR). The proposed textile antenna operates at the GPS L1 band (1575.42 MHz) and it has been designed by means of the commercial full 3D electromagnetic CST Microwave Studio simulator. The original textile antenna presents a -13.6 dB return loss at the GPS L1 frequency band with a fractional bandwidth of BW=3% (at S11=-10 dB), with a gain G= 1.7 dBi and efficiency η =23.1%. A homogeneous phantom has been considered in order to simulate the SAR in the leg of an average human body. The impact of the human body on the antenna performance implies a detuning frequency of 1.6% and G= 1.2 dBi; η =19% at the GPS operation frequency.In addition, several bending scenarios have been simulated to determine the degradation of the return loss, realized gain and efficiency. The proposed antenna is compliant with specific absorption rate (SAR) requirements from the IEEE C95.3 standard.

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“…The process is reused in the generation [12,14]. of higher iterations L 2 and L 3 [8,9]. For nth iterated curve, the unfolded length of the curve is (4/3) n .…”

Section: Antenna Geometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In four decades, many researchers have developed flexible wearable antennas using different textile materials such as flannel fabric, felt fabric, cotton. Gupta et al reported electrical properties of different substrate materials such as jeans cotton, poly cotton, Shield It fabric and jean fabric, in the frequency range of 0.3-3 GHz [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Miniaturized Wearable Fractal Antenna for Military Applications at VHF Band

Poonkuzhali¹,

Alex²,

Balakrishnan³

2016

PIER C

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Abstract-This paper presents the design and development of Koch fractal dipole antenna for wearable applications at 450 MHz. Common jeans cotton is used as a flexible substrate material having a dielectric constant of 1.6 for the design and fabrication of the proposed antenna. Increasing the number of iterations increases the number of sections, which eventually results in 32% reduction in size. Size miniaturization is obtained using second iteration Koch geometry with the antenna bandwidth of 10%, and the return loss of −25 dB is achieved under the flat condition. The investigations are to characterize the antenna not only in flat condition, but also under different bendings and crumpling conditions. The proposed Koch fractal antenna is close to the proximity of the body, and the absorption of electromagnetic power on human body is also examined. It is found that the Specific Absorption rate (SAR) is much below a safety level of 0.119 W/kg and hence suitable for wearable applications.

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Development of wearable and implantable antennas in the last decade: A review

Cited by 84 publications

References 54 publications

Textile Materials for the Design of Wearable Antennas: A Survey

Textile Materials for the Design of Wearable Antennas: A Survey

Wearable GPS patch antenna on jeans fabric

Miniaturized Wearable Fractal Antenna for Military Applications at VHF Band

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