Development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2

Ng, Wern Hann; Liu, Xiang; Mahalingam, Suresh

doi:10.12688/f1000research.25998.1

Cited by 48 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Various SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates have been demonstrated and validated in preclinical or clinical trials. 35 − 38 Vaccine strategies including the live-virus platform, 39 , 40 viral vector vaccine using vesicular stomatitis virus 41 or adenovirus, 42 lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA, 43 or whole inactivated virus 44 , 45 are examined. A strategy that involves a multivalent presentation of antigen on protein nanoparticles was regarded as one of the most rapidly developing methods for vaccine design.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Development of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Domain Self-Assembled Nanoparticle Vaccine Candidates

et al. 2021

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The coronavirus disease pandemic of 2019 caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus resulted in economic losses and threatened human health worldwide. The pandemic highlights an urgent need for a stable, easily produced, and effective vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 uses the spike protein receptorbinding domain (RBD) to bind its cognate receptor, angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and initiate membrane fusion. Thus, the RBD is an ideal target for vaccine development. In this study, we designed three different RBD-conjugated nanoparticle vaccine candidates, namely, RBD-Ferritin (24-mer), RBD-mi3 (60-mer), and RBD-I53−50 (120-mer), via covalent conjugation using the SpyTag-SpyCatcher system. When mice were immunized with the RBD-conjugated nanoparticles (NPs) in conjunction with the AddaVax or Sigma Adjuvant System, the resulting antisera exhibited 8-to 120-fold greater neutralizing activity against both a pseudovirus and the authentic virus than those of mice immunized with monomeric RBD. Most importantly, sera from mice immunized with RBD-conjugated NPs more efficiently blocked the binding of RBD to ACE2 in vitro, further corroborating the promising immunization effect. Additionally, the vaccine has distinct advantages in terms of a relatively simple scale-up and flexible assembly. These results illustrate that the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-conjugated nanoparticles developed in this study are a competitive vaccine candidate and that the carrier nanoparticles could be adopted as a universal platform for a future vaccine development.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Development of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Domain Self-Assembled Nanoparticle Vaccine Candidates

et al. 2021

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“…With the worldwide collaboration in SARS-CoV-2 research, various vaccine candidates were raised and validated in preclinical or clinical trials 29–32 . And to enhance the immunogenicity of antigen used in vaccine, strategies including live-virus platform 33–34 , viral vector vaccine using vesicular stomatitis virus 35 or adenovirus 36 , lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA 37 , or whole inactivated virus 38–39 were adopted, among which the multivalent presentation of antigen on nanoparticle protein was regarded as one of the most rapidly-developing method for vaccine design 40–41 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid development of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain-conjugated nanoparticle vaccine candidate

Kang

Sun

Zhuang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The ongoing of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, resulting in economic losses and seriously threating the human health in worldwide, highlighting the urgent need of a stabilized, easily produced and effective preventive vaccine. The SARS-COV-2 spike protein receptor binding region (RBD) plays an important role in the process of viral binding receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and membrane fusion, making it an ideal target for vaccine development. In this study, we designed three different RBD-conjugated nanoparticles vaccine candidates, RBD-Ferritin (24-mer), RBD-mi3 (60-mer) and RBD-I53-50 (120-mer), with the application of covalent bond linking by SpyTag-SpyCatcher system. It was demonstrated that the neutralizing capability of sera from mice immunized with three RBD-conjugated nanoparticles adjuvanted with AddaVax or Sigma Systerm Adjuvant (SAS) after each immunization was ~8- to 120-fold greater than monomeric RBD group in SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and authentic virus neutralization assay. Most importantly, sera from RBD-conjugated NPs groups more efficiently blocked the binding of RBD to ACE2 or neutralizing antibody in vitro, a further proof of promising immunization effect. Besides, high physical stability and flexibility in assembly consolidated the benefit for rapid scale-up production of vaccine. These results supported that our designed SARS-CoV-2 RBD-conjugated nanoparticle was competitive vaccine candidate and the carrier nanoparticles could be adopted as universal platform for future vaccine development.

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“…On the other hand, the genetic stability of inactivated vaccines could perhaps offer protection against several mutated strains; however, it is unclear whether accurately examining and mapping certain current strains can extend to future emerging ones. Additionally, it is unclear how many vaccine dosages will be warranted with the inactivated virus vaccines; and what will be their final level of effectiveness and durability [33].…”

Section: Vaccines' Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccines’ Safety and Effectiveness in the Midst of Covid-19 Mutations

Sofra¹

2021

Health

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We examined the coronavirus classification and evolution through its multiple mutations that have increased its transmissibility rate up to 70% globally, threatening to undermine the promise of a number of emerging vaccines that primarily focus on the immune detection of the Spike trimer. The safety and effectiveness of different vaccination methods are evaluated and compared, including the mRNA version, the Adenovirus DNA, Spike protein subunits, the deactivated virus genres, and the live attenuated coronavirus. Mutations have been long considered as random events, or mistakes during the viral RNA replication. Usually, what can go wrong will go wrong; therefore, repeated transformations lead to the extinction of a virus. On the contrary, the aggregate result of over 300,000 Covid-19 variants has expanded its transmissibility and infectiousness. Covid-19 mutations do not degrade the virus; they empower and facilitate its disguise to evade detection. Unlike other coronaviruses, Covid-19 amino acid switches do not reflect the random unfolding of errors that eventually eradicate the virus. Covid-19 appears to use mutations adaptively in the service of its survival and expansion. We cite evidence that Covid-19 inhibits the interferon type I production, compromising adaptive immunity from recognizing the virus. The deleterious consequences of the cytokine storm where the CD8 + killer cells injure the vital organs of the host may well be a Covid-19 manoeuvring to escape exposure. It is probable that evolution has programmed Covid-19 with an adeptness designed to debilitate key systemic defences to secure its subsistence. To date the infectiousness of the Covid-19 pandemic is exponentially increasing, denoting the possibility of an even more dangerously elusive, inconspicuous, and sophisticated version of the disease.

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Development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 48 publications

References 35 publications

Rapid Development of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Domain Self-Assembled Nanoparticle Vaccine Candidates

Rapid Development of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Domain Self-Assembled Nanoparticle Vaccine Candidates

Rapid development of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain-conjugated nanoparticle vaccine candidate

Vaccines’ Safety and Effectiveness in the Midst of Covid-19 Mutations

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